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A number of fundamental studies have been reported for these phases.
Concurrent to the phase transformation, microstructures with elongated grains and weak grain boundaries are formed.
Cation disordering in II-III spinel oxides [10,11] The second important contribution to the free energy comes from the configurational entropy, which is determined by the number of configurations in which atoms and defects are arranged on given lattice sites.

Introduction Due to advances in computer audio-visual communications industry and the rapid development of digital technology, capacity and density of electronic products inside VLSI also increases rapidly, and the number on the substrate assembly and assembly of all types of chip density is also increasing high, relative to the unit volume of the heat is getting higher temperatures will reduce component performance, resulting in unstable system operation, thereby affecting the reliability of the system and shorten its life.
The alloy phase composition, structure and distribution of the precipitation phase, casting and thermal processing technology, content and distribution, grain size and the degree of dense inclusions are an important alloys for thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of magnesium alloys affected.
RE strengthening effect of the magnesium alloy is mainly due to two aspects, the first aspect of the greater solubility of RE in the Mg in [16], after heat treatment, a large number of rare earth elements can be dissolved in the Mg matrix, from the solid solution strengthening effect; the second aspect is a rare earth with magnesium to form a variety of inter metallic compounds, these compounds are generally high temperature stable phase, these phases may be distributed in the matrix crystal grains and refine the precipitation strengthening effect.

Analysis GX3CrNi134 structure of the base material (stainless steel) performed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) is shown in (Fig. 1), it presents a needle martensitic structure that contains elongated Fα grains. 71Ns Metco powder was used as a deposition material.
Such low value of roughness is due to the fine powders grains of Metco 71Ns with whom very fine surface can be deposited, leading to reducing or eliminating the polishing operations.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by a grant of the Ministry of National Education, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-ID-PCE-2012-4-0437.
Caruana, Experimental and numerical response of a high-Reynolds-number M= 0.6 jet to a Plasma Synthetic Jet actuator.

This enhancement of ZT is achieved due to a large decrease of thermal conductivity without a considerable decrease in thermopower and electrical conductivity, caused by a decrease in the phonon mean free path due to the grain boundary scattering.
Currently a large number of metal oxides, including p-type Na2CoO2, BiCuSeO, Ca3Co4O9, has been tested, and the results proved that this study has great potential [2].
Among the possible technologies of deposition methods the spray pyrolysis is characterized by a number of advantages.
We have also concluded that the strong decrease in conductivity of heavily doped materials was great due to the decrease of the charge carrier mobility caused by an increased scattering at the grain boundaries and structural defects.

Number Material (AS) Material (RS) Parameters 1 3003 6061 w=1541rpm, v=142mm/min 2 3003 6061 w=1541rpm, v=50mm/min 3 3003 6061 w=1541rpm, v=75mm/min 4 3003 6061 w=1120rpm, v=75mm/min 5 3003 6061 w=765rpm,v=75mm/min The tensile specimens were cross sectioned perpendicular to the FSW direction, and dimensions of the tensile specimens are schematically shown in Fig. 1.
Dissimilar Al Alloys in FSW joints were interwoven together in the river shape, and the distribution of grains was characterized by an obvious gradient (Fig. 3).
Number Welding parameters The tensile strength [MPa] Fracture positions 1 w=1541rpm, v=142mm/min 144.7 HAZ(AS) 2 w=1541rpm, v=50mm/min 124.8 HAZ(AS) 3 w=1541rpm, v=75mm/min 141.5 HAZ(AS) 4 w=1120rpm, v=75mm/min 135.6 HAZ(AS) 5 w=765rpm, v=75mm/min 133.2 HAZ(AS) Fig. 5 Joint efficiencies of 3003/6061 FSW joints.
Conclusions (1) The two Al Alloys of the joint were interwoven together in the river shape, and the distribution of grains was characterized by an obvious gradient.

Defined dependent function C(r) is: (1) When we properly adjust the size of bore diameter of the griddle, if there is a relationship in the scope of some particle diameter like this: (2) The index D is a kind of dimension number and the well approaching of correlation dimension, which can be strictly defined as: (3) We can conclude from formula (3) that, as long as the lnC(r)-lnr graph is made, the slope rate of straight line is the index D.
However, in the process of testing the particle size distribution, since the amount of test sample is so much that it is very hard to compute directly the number of rocks,so we must improve the statistical method.To assume M(r) as the accumulating quality of bulky rock material whose particle diameter is less than r and M as the total quality of test sample, thenis the quality accumulating percentage of bulky rock material with particle diameter less than r after selecting by griddle.
Notes on the effect of grain crushing on the granular soil behaviour.
[9] Jun Du, Kepeng Hou, Wei Liang , Experimental Research on Strength Characteristics of Bulky Rock Material with Different Coarse Grain Content in Waste Pile of Mine.

On the other hand Ti2Ni precipitates are more likely to form along the grain boundaries with excess Ti and reduce the UTS.
In CP grades of titanium this produces a martensitic α' structure in the fusion zone with an equiaxed HAZ that experiences grain growth.
This however is not an easy task and is impeded by a number of issues.
The number of process variables also makes it hard to reach general conclusions about laser welding.

The grain size became smaller as the Fe content increased.
Number and size of Al-Si-Fe � ��� ��� ��� ��� � � � � � �� �� �� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� ���� ���� ���� ���� �� Tensile stress Proof stress Elongation Tensile stress, Proof stress [MPa] Elongation [%] 0.18%Fe 0.5%Fe 0.75%Fe 1.0%Fe �����) ����)H� �����)H� ����)H� Fig.6, Result of the 180 degrees bending test of the T4 heat treated 1mm-thick plate of 6016 and Fe added 6016.
The elongation showed the peak at 0.5 mass% of Fe content by the interaction of grain refinement and Al-Si-Fe intermetallic.
Number of precipitates of Mg2Si decreased as Fe content increased.

A large number of physical, chemical, mechanical or mixed procedures have been proposed in literature [2] as means of obtaining these new advanced materials as powders, films or bulk products.
Homogeneous nucleation and grain growth processes taking place during hydrothermal reactions facilitates the production of materials with the desired microstructure and properties.
Modeling hydrothermal synthesis Hydrothermal synthesis of oxide composite powders may be described by the overall reaction [3]: + +− − + + → qH OH OHM OHMm qmz q qmn pTz n )( 2 , 2 ])()([])([ (1) The calculation of hydrous product concentration acting as nuclei may be thermodynamically estimated by solving the complete set of equilibrium equations [6]: �=υ= − nJ 1i J i 0 f J i j )A(G KlnRT ; ∏= υ γ= nJ 1i J,i AiAi J )m{K ; log γAi = ∆Hi +BZi + Pi (2) where KJ is the equilibrium constant of reaction "J" in the system, AiJ is the species "i" participating in reaction J, νI J is its stoechiometric coefficient, Gf 0 is Gibbs energy of formation, nj is the total number of species in the system, m denoting molality and γ the activity.
The increasing of grain sizes with time and temperature has been observed probably due to agglomeration as shown by SEM micrographs (Fig. 5) Fig.3.

Steel hardenability is affected by the chemical composition and the grain size of the austenite prior to the transformation from austenite to ferrite.
In addition, by utilizing a large number of Jominy data, it would be possible with the model to study the dependencies between the alloying elements and the phase transformation parameters.
In addition, by utilizing a large number of Jominy data, it would be possible with the model to study the dependencies between the alloying elements and the phase transformation parameters.
[6] Miettinen J, Koskenniska S, Somani M, Louhenkilpi S, Pohjonen A, Larkiola J and Kömi J 2021 Optimization of the CCT Curves for Steels Containing Al, Cu and B Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52 1640–63 [7] Miettinen J, Koskenniska S, Somani M, Louhenkilpi S, Pohjonen A, Larkiola J and Kömi J 2019 Optimization of CCT Equations Using Calculated Grain Boundary Soluble Compositions for the Simulation of Austenite Decomposition of Steels Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B: Process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science 50 [8] Pohjonen A, Somani M, Pyykkönen J, Paananen J and Porter D 2016 The onset of the austenite to bainite phase transformation for different cooling paths and steel compositions vol 716 [9] Pohjonen A, Javaheri V, Paananen J and Pyykkönen J 2021 Semi-Automatic Optimization of Steel Heat Treatments for Achieving Desired Microstructure Proceedings of The 61st SIMS Conference on Simulation and Modelling SIMS 2020, September 22-24, Virtual Conference