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The price fluctuation, the shortage of labor, the shrinkage of market, all contribute to the profit reduction, and to the necessity and urgency of cost control.
The scheme lays emphasis on comparison of actual result and planned aim, on the importance of percentage data in calculation, and on the reliability of the collected data.
The accuracy of the collected data is the basis on which Earned Value is applied.
Obviously the application of earned value requires some degree of data collection, done generally when more than 20% of overall project completion is achieved.[4] In such circumstances, analysis can be conducted, and prediction on budget the cost, schedule, future tendency, etc, can be made, according to the actual data collected with project in completion.
Earned Value enables the managers to have a clearer knowledge about the process of cost and schedule in completion, and to make a considered judgment on actual project implementation, according to the data collected.

This lead to reduction of heat resistance of external fiber thermal insulations (75% in existing buildings, 87% in laboratory investigation).
Simulation The thermal simulations were performed to emphasize the experimental data.
Physical data for the simulation, as well as temperature difference and wind speed, were adopted on the basis of laboratory measurements.
For the modified model, the reduction of the thermal resistance (Figure 6e) was already 59%, which is closer to the results achieved during the laboratory experiment.
The reduction of the thermal resistance for the case of partition with a lower air permeability occurs gently and lasts longer.

The thermo-mechanical processes associated with this kind of severe plasticity causes a refinement of the grains in the material often leading to a net reduction in the average grain size [6, 7] and property alterations clearly different from that in the coarse grained material [8].
Thus the dislocation density in the material is increased after SPD, likewise the effective grain boundary area increases accordingly with grain size reduction.
Pereira et al [6] have shown that ECAP processing of an as-extruded AZ80 of initial grain size 20 µm resulted in grain size reduction by as much as 75% following the first ECAP pass.
Whilst no strengthening effects were observed in the material, even with the grain size reduction relationship in accordance with the Hall-Petch concept [9], tensile test data revealed that the ECAP processing led to a 28% increase in the elongation to failure of the tested AZ80 alloy.
In the present study, first sets of data on the influence of ECAP processing on the wear behavior of AZ80 are provided.

The plane fringes with a crystalline plane spacing of 0.26 and 0.238 nm are assigned to the (002) and (103) planes of the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO NRAs and monoclinic Ag2S phase, respectively (verified with reference data JCPDS 00-003-0888, JCPDS 00-014-0072, respectively) and other related reports[15] Figure 6: (a) TEM images; (b) HR-TEM images of the optimal sample of Ag2S/ZnO NRAs annealed at 400 ºC for 1 h in N2 air flow.
Photoelectrochemical performance Fig. 8 shows the PEC data of fabricated sample of ZnO NRAs and Ag2S/ZnO NRAs which were treated thermally at different annealing temperatures in the range between 100 ºC to 500 ºC.
The illumination of thin films generates excited electrons which move throughout the external wire to the Pt wire where the reduction of electrolyte occurs.
On the other hand, improving the crystalline nature of thin film with larger crystalline size could delay the electrolyte diffusion throughout the film which leads to reduce the oxidation-reduction reactions.
The reduction of the photocurrent at 500 ºC can be attributed to the defect of effective way of the charge carrier diffusion as a result of the agglomeration (Figure 5.f ) that makes the way of transformation of photogenerated electron complicated.

The obtained composites were evaluated using data from the XRD, FE-SEM, and VSM.
The Nyquist data views that the electrode has the lowest RESR and Rct.
Morphology and chemistry of its oxidation and reduction in aqueous electrolytes.
Facile one-step hydrazine-assisted solvothermal synthesis of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide: Reduction effect and mechanisms.
Morphology and chemistry of its oxidation and reduction in aqueous electrolytes.

Therefore, reduction of energy consumption without compromising the quality of living is a matter of extreme importance towards a global sustainability.
In terms of sustainable development, the main objective for the building optimization is the reduction of energy use while possibly generating some energy, such as solar or wind energy.
Besides that, reduction of energy consumption without compromising living standard has become very important issue in civil engineering and building industry.
This demands inclusion of additional software for providing energy consumption data for different types and kinds of buildings and different lighting and HVAC systems according to the local meteorological data of a given region.
Reduction of the energy consumption without compromising living standard has become very important issue in architecture, civil engineering and building industry.

Due to the high pressure for optimization and cost reduction, new deburring methods need to be developed.
The automatization and integration in a machining center result in a reduction of lead times and an increase in efficiency (Uhlmann, et al., 2010).
It is also necessary to check for each application whether the achievable savings through the reduction of lead times and the process chain exceed the additional costs for the operating costs.
However, the tables of physical characteristics deliver no data regarding the density of CO2 at ambient pressure and a temperature of TCO2 = -78.5 °C (Haynes and Lide, 2015).
CRC handbook of chemistry and physics - A ready-reference book of chemical and physical data.

However, few have integrated seasonal field data from North African rivers.
The analysis is based on daily monitoring data collected between 2022 and 2024, including both raw water quality data from Oued Oum Er-Rbia and operational data from the RO unit.
Data visualization and statistical computations were conducted using a combination of Python libraries (Scikit-learn and Matplotlib) and Orange Data Mining software.
By having a high cumulative variance with few components, the results suggest that an effective representation of data complexity is possible with a significant reduction in dimensionality (Jolliffe and Cadima, 2016[15] ; Abdi and Williams, 2010[16] ).
Data Distribution in Reduced Space (PC1 and PC2) :The scatter plot of the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) allows us to observe trends and groupings within the data, bearing in mind that the projected data represents the 3 trains, i.e. the entire osmosis plant (1575 membranes).

Results indicated that the increase and reduction of the film thickness are non-linear.
The datas indicate that the thickness of films tend to be constant when the swelling time is up to 100 s.

Thereby reduction of the overall energy is driven by the decrease in the grain boundary area [60, 61].
Grain boundary mobility versus grain size data assuming that the grain boundary energy was 0.3 J/m2 is shown in Fig. 23 [88].
‘‘drag-free”) for undoped and some doped aluminas, along with the measured data for undoped alumina Reprinted with permission from [89] and (b) Reduction in the grain boundary mobility showing grain boundary pinning due to CNT.
To get the grain boundary mobility, n is taken to be 2 (though parabolic kinetics do not give best fit for normal grain growth data since n>2 due to drag effect).
Since the experimental parameters can provide the details of processing conditions (i.e. temperature, and time of processing), and the resulting grain size data can be evaluated through consequent analysis, a direct comparison can be evolved to comment on the role of the grain size and secondary reinforcements in impeding grain growth.