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Online since: May 2015
Authors: Panida Lorwongtragool, Teerakiat Kerdcharoen
Sampling temperature, which is one of the important parameters, has been found to influence the releasing rate of the volatiles from rice grain and could be optimized to obtain the best results.
Although a large number of odorous molecules in the rice aroma have been determined, only a few have been found to contribute to the characteristics of rice aroma [1].
Sample temperature, which is one of the important measurement parameters, has been found to influence the releasing rate of the volatiles from the rice grain and can effect to the e-nose results.
For future prospect, we need to increase a number of components in the sensor array to improve efficiency of the e-nose as well as to develop a commercial prototype.
Although a large number of odorous molecules in the rice aroma have been determined, only a few have been found to contribute to the characteristics of rice aroma [1].
Sample temperature, which is one of the important measurement parameters, has been found to influence the releasing rate of the volatiles from the rice grain and can effect to the e-nose results.
For future prospect, we need to increase a number of components in the sensor array to improve efficiency of the e-nose as well as to develop a commercial prototype.
Online since: August 2004
Authors: Brian Gleeson, Bing Tao Li
After
reaching a certain scale thickness (or, conversely, a
certain number of thermal cycles), weight loss occurs
due to partial scale spallation.
Titanium tends to oxidize within the subsurface region of the alloy, particularly at grain boundaries.
When present in a small but sufficient amount, the RE tend to segregate to the alloy/scale interface and scale grain boundaries, and have the apparent effect of suppressing cation diffusion in the scale.
The mass-change behavior of the alloys as a function of number of thermal cycles is shown in Fig. 7.
The mass-change behavior of 800 series alloys from two different suppliers as a function of number of 1-day cycles at 1000 °C in air.
Titanium tends to oxidize within the subsurface region of the alloy, particularly at grain boundaries.
When present in a small but sufficient amount, the RE tend to segregate to the alloy/scale interface and scale grain boundaries, and have the apparent effect of suppressing cation diffusion in the scale.
The mass-change behavior of the alloys as a function of number of thermal cycles is shown in Fig. 7.
The mass-change behavior of 800 series alloys from two different suppliers as a function of number of 1-day cycles at 1000 °C in air.
Online since: July 2013
Authors: Peter Hodgson, Nicole Stanford, Matthias Weiss, Adam S. Taylor, Tim Hilditch
A number of different aging/heat treating procedures have been utilised that have resulted in significantly different mechanical properties.
Introduction Rolling at cryogenic temperatures (cryo-rolling) has been demonstrated to be a successful technique to produce materials with very fine grain sizes [1-3] and such materials offer a unique set of properties [4].
When examining the solution treated material it could be seen to contain a population of particles that are known as the T phase [6] and these could be observed using the AsB detector due to the atomic number contrast, Fig. 1b.
Introduction Rolling at cryogenic temperatures (cryo-rolling) has been demonstrated to be a successful technique to produce materials with very fine grain sizes [1-3] and such materials offer a unique set of properties [4].
When examining the solution treated material it could be seen to contain a population of particles that are known as the T phase [6] and these could be observed using the AsB detector due to the atomic number contrast, Fig. 1b.
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Kai Zhao, Qiu Bo Chen, Min Jie Lv, Zuo Xun Hou, Wen Zhe Zhao
To maximize their error correction strength, LDPC codes demand NAND flash memory carry out fine-grained (i.e., soft-decision) sensing, which nevertheless results in a significant read latency penalty.
The speculation error could of course degrade the decoding error correction strength and/or increase the number of decoding iterations, where the latter could offset the potential decoding speed improvement.
Although soft-decision message-passing LDPC code decoding can achieve very strong error correction strength, it demands fine-grained soft-decision flash memory on-chip sensing.
As we count the the number of failed parity checks in which each bit participates (i.e., uik), we immediately compare the current uik with the speculated uspck, and l If uik equals to uspck, flip the hard decision of current bit; l If uik > uspck, update uspck by setting uspck = uik and flip the hard decision of current bit.
LDPC decoder ASIC design result Decoder Logic Memory Total BF (mm2) 0.281 0.594 0.875 SBF (mm2) 0.273 0.149 0.422 Reduction (%) 2.7 75.0 51.8 With the same clock frequency, LDPC decoding throughput depends on two factors, including (i) the number of clock cycles per decoding iteration, and (ii) the average number of decoding iterations.
The speculation error could of course degrade the decoding error correction strength and/or increase the number of decoding iterations, where the latter could offset the potential decoding speed improvement.
Although soft-decision message-passing LDPC code decoding can achieve very strong error correction strength, it demands fine-grained soft-decision flash memory on-chip sensing.
As we count the the number of failed parity checks in which each bit participates (i.e., uik), we immediately compare the current uik with the speculated uspck, and l If uik equals to uspck, flip the hard decision of current bit; l If uik > uspck, update uspck by setting uspck = uik and flip the hard decision of current bit.
LDPC decoder ASIC design result Decoder Logic Memory Total BF (mm2) 0.281 0.594 0.875 SBF (mm2) 0.273 0.149 0.422 Reduction (%) 2.7 75.0 51.8 With the same clock frequency, LDPC decoding throughput depends on two factors, including (i) the number of clock cycles per decoding iteration, and (ii) the average number of decoding iterations.
Online since: July 2012
Authors: Gui Juan Zhang, Yi Ma, Rui Liao, Bi Zhu Tan, Su Yi Zhang, Yu Bin Liu, Min Ma, Xiao Ting Zeng, Zhuo Long Peng, Yi Min Lin, De Hui Li
They were fed full value grain feedstuff, and tap water ad libitum.
Lot number: 090502); Progester- one injection: 1ml/10mg (Zhejiang Xian Ju Pharmaceutical Co.
Lot number: 100301); TAM (Wuhan Chi-Fei Chemical Co.
Lot number: 20110509B042).
Note: all rats were fed full value grain feedstuff and tap water ad libitum.
Lot number: 090502); Progester- one injection: 1ml/10mg (Zhejiang Xian Ju Pharmaceutical Co.
Lot number: 100301); TAM (Wuhan Chi-Fei Chemical Co.
Lot number: 20110509B042).
Note: all rats were fed full value grain feedstuff and tap water ad libitum.
Online since: December 2016
Authors: De Feng Xu, Li Mei Chen, tao shengnan, Fei Xiao, Li Fa Qinwei, Shu Chao Cheng
As a great agricultural province, Jilin is an important marketable grain base with abundant crop straw resources, where the total consumption tops the list over the country.
According to the dates, we can get that Jilin province's area of crop is 71.85 million mus, the total number of grains is up to 71 billion jins, the annual number of crop straws is about 44 million tons, and the total number of actually usable resources of crop straws is about 39.5 million tons.
Types of straw Yield of straw (million ton) Straw use number (million ton) Use ratio Theoretical quantity Fertilizer Fodder Edible mushrooms Fuel Industrial material Farmers use Corn straw 3402 400.00 600.00 40.00 240 160.00 960.00 79.37% Rice straw 607.5 140.00 55.00 0.00 50 45.00 100.00 72.22% Soybean straw 405 20.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.44% other 450 0.00 60.00 0.00 29 0.00 100.00 47.25% summation 4500 560 720 40.00 319 205 1160 75.10% The Study on Crop Straws as Insulation Board and Masonry Materials in Our Country Straw Insulation Block.
Acknowledgement This research was financially supported by the Young start-up funding of Jilin Province department projects(serial number:20150204029SF).
According to the dates, we can get that Jilin province's area of crop is 71.85 million mus, the total number of grains is up to 71 billion jins, the annual number of crop straws is about 44 million tons, and the total number of actually usable resources of crop straws is about 39.5 million tons.
Types of straw Yield of straw (million ton) Straw use number (million ton) Use ratio Theoretical quantity Fertilizer Fodder Edible mushrooms Fuel Industrial material Farmers use Corn straw 3402 400.00 600.00 40.00 240 160.00 960.00 79.37% Rice straw 607.5 140.00 55.00 0.00 50 45.00 100.00 72.22% Soybean straw 405 20.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.44% other 450 0.00 60.00 0.00 29 0.00 100.00 47.25% summation 4500 560 720 40.00 319 205 1160 75.10% The Study on Crop Straws as Insulation Board and Masonry Materials in Our Country Straw Insulation Block.
Acknowledgement This research was financially supported by the Young start-up funding of Jilin Province department projects(serial number:20150204029SF).
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Aniruddha Ghosh
From the existing literature, a significant number of closely related works are found.
The strength of the line source was calculated as a function of Peclet number and conductivity with the assumption of a conical profile of the keyhole.
They also show that the weld shape is a strong function of Peclet number and conductivity of material.
The model is validated by predicting the weld-bead dimensions and comparing them with experimental data [43].In an investigation, it has been revealed that that the HAZ grain boundary migration rate is approaching the upper theoretical limit (represented by a time exponent n = 0.5 in the grain growth equation) owing to the high driving forces involved.
In the presence of extensive phosphorus and nitrogen segregations, a transition in the grain boundary velocity has, however, been observed during high heat input weld simulation, which largely will prevent further coarsening of the austenite grains.
The strength of the line source was calculated as a function of Peclet number and conductivity with the assumption of a conical profile of the keyhole.
They also show that the weld shape is a strong function of Peclet number and conductivity of material.
The model is validated by predicting the weld-bead dimensions and comparing them with experimental data [43].In an investigation, it has been revealed that that the HAZ grain boundary migration rate is approaching the upper theoretical limit (represented by a time exponent n = 0.5 in the grain growth equation) owing to the high driving forces involved.
In the presence of extensive phosphorus and nitrogen segregations, a transition in the grain boundary velocity has, however, been observed during high heat input weld simulation, which largely will prevent further coarsening of the austenite grains.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Karsten Flögel, Fabian Faltin
Fowler used titanium materials for his experimental work and found a significant influence of the abrasive properties like the particle size and the grain structure on the MRR.
Plastic deformations of grains in the rim zone as known from AWJT of AlSi-17 alloys are not detected in the prepared cross-section polishes.
With respect to the longitudinal dimensions, cavities with a large scaled radius are identified instead of fractured grains.
The determined numbers of cavities in the boundary surface layer may lead to a reduced fatigue resistance.
Plastic deformations of grains in the rim zone as known from AWJT of AlSi-17 alloys are not detected in the prepared cross-section polishes.
With respect to the longitudinal dimensions, cavities with a large scaled radius are identified instead of fractured grains.
The determined numbers of cavities in the boundary surface layer may lead to a reduced fatigue resistance.
Online since: May 2025
Authors: Nandang Mufti, Sukarni Sukarni, Henry Setiyanto, Hariyanto Hidayat, Fadhillah Choirunnisa
AC/TiO2/Fe3O4 nanocomposites have an average grain size of about 124-225 nm.
This is because the anatase phase has a lower recombination rate and smaller grain size, which is favorable for achieving better photocatalytic efficiency.
C=O stretching vibration was found at a wave number around 1647 cm-1 while C-N was around 1080 cm-1.
This is in accordance with research conducted by Sunaryono et a., that the Ti-O-Fe bond is in the range of wave numbers 400-800 cm-1 [31].
The wave number shift in the sample variation can be caused by changes in the molecular structure due to the addition of Fe3O4.
This is because the anatase phase has a lower recombination rate and smaller grain size, which is favorable for achieving better photocatalytic efficiency.
C=O stretching vibration was found at a wave number around 1647 cm-1 while C-N was around 1080 cm-1.
This is in accordance with research conducted by Sunaryono et a., that the Ti-O-Fe bond is in the range of wave numbers 400-800 cm-1 [31].
The wave number shift in the sample variation can be caused by changes in the molecular structure due to the addition of Fe3O4.
Online since: May 2019
Authors: Oleksandr H. Kurpe, Eduard S. Klimov, Andrii H. Prysiazhnyi, Volodymyr V. Kukhar
Flowchart: the main equipment of the rolling mill 1700: 01 – 4a roughing stand number;
5 – 10 finish stand number; 1 – reheating furnaces; 2 – roughing train; 3 – heat-saving shields;
4 – rotary shears; 5 – finishing train; 6 – accelerated cooling units; 7 – coilers
During the production using TMCP technology, the principal difference is the low level of chemical elements that provide for the strength properties of the rolled products (comparison is given in Table 1).
Chemical composition of pilot batch (steel grade S355MC) Heat Mass fraction of chemical elements, [%] C Mn Si S P Cr Ni Cu V Al Ti Nb 255634-2 0.11 1.36 0.03 0.007 0.019 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.004 0.037 0.022 0.030 Nb and Ti are used as chemical composition elements, which make it possible to monitor the grain sizes during the austenitization and rolling, and also changes in the properties owing to carbonitride strengthening.
It is worth mentioning that in order to obtain the necessary mechanical properties, increase in the rolling finishing temperature at the stand 10 and the coiling temperature were compensated by using maximum number of cooling sections, which has contributed to increase in the cooling rate of the rolled products.
The obtained microstructure of the rolled products is ferrite-pearlitic, where ferrite grain number is 9, 10, and banding is 1 point.
The difference in the ferrite grain size between the axis and the surface does not exceed one number, and the metal has almost the same banding across the cross section.
Chemical composition of pilot batch (steel grade S355MC) Heat Mass fraction of chemical elements, [%] C Mn Si S P Cr Ni Cu V Al Ti Nb 255634-2 0.11 1.36 0.03 0.007 0.019 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.004 0.037 0.022 0.030 Nb and Ti are used as chemical composition elements, which make it possible to monitor the grain sizes during the austenitization and rolling, and also changes in the properties owing to carbonitride strengthening.
It is worth mentioning that in order to obtain the necessary mechanical properties, increase in the rolling finishing temperature at the stand 10 and the coiling temperature were compensated by using maximum number of cooling sections, which has contributed to increase in the cooling rate of the rolled products.
The obtained microstructure of the rolled products is ferrite-pearlitic, where ferrite grain number is 9, 10, and banding is 1 point.
The difference in the ferrite grain size between the axis and the surface does not exceed one number, and the metal has almost the same banding across the cross section.