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However, a vast number of resources involving networks, computing, and storage resulted in ever increasing energy consumption.
The users in networked manufacturing submit service requests to Manufacturing IT Cloud, and then the services will be decomposed into fine-grained tasks.
Manufacturing User 1 Manufacturing User n Manufacturing User 2 Task 1 decomposition Task 2 decomposition Task n decomposition Service request Service request Service request Task Coordinator Resource demand evaluation Virtual resource scheduling VM state VM controller VM pool Physical manufacturing IT resource VM monitor Task queue Manufacturing IT Cloud Fig. 2 Dynamically-scalable resource utilization mechanism for networked manufacturing Summary Although networked manufacturing technology is efficient for integration of distributed manufacturing resources, a number of IT resources for manufacturing resulted in ever increasing energy consumption.

Furthermore isotropic graphite has small grain size and great strength, so graphite is used widely as electrode material in EDM process.
Selecting Parameters of BP Neural Network Network level number, neuron number of hidden layer, transfer function and learning ratio are main parameters in BP neural network.
Determination of level number and neure number of hidden layer.
The node number of hidden layer is very important in neural network model, now experimental method is used to determinate the node number of hidden layer.
The same sample is used to train different network with different node number.

SEM photographs show that all films consist of nanocrystalline grains with sizes in the range of 6 - 13 nm.
Introduction Hafnium oxide (HfO2) and zirconium oxide (ZrO2) thin films have attracted great interest, because of their large number of potential applications in optical coatings and microelectronics.
The sizes of the nanocrystalline particles are in the range of 6 to 13 nm, when the number of layers and the temperature were increased, the particle size was increased.

The results also indicated that the estimation accuracy depended on the threshold of sampling numbers, if the numbers are less than the threshold, the sampling density is in contact with the spatial estimation accuracy, if the numbers are more than the threshold, the density of the sampling numbers is improved, but the estimation results are not proportional to the density.
If the numbers are more than the threshold, the density of the sampling numbers is improved, but the estimation result is not proportional to the density, as illustrated in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
The estimation accuracy depended on the threshold of sampling numbers.
If the numbers are more than the threshold, the density of the sampling numbers is improved, but the estimation results are not proportional to the sampling density.
*The National Key Technology R&D Project “study and demonstration of grain risk, warn prognosis and intelligent analysis”(2009BADA9B03)and Innovation Fund Projects of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science(SAAS).

Since then, ultrasound has been used in a number of areas of polymer chemistry.
DTG curve for 300 minutes sonicated PMA Grain Size and Roughness Atomic force micrographs give surface morphology of the sample, which is an indicator of the internal crystal or molecular perfection.
From the AFM scan of the area of the order of (nm)2, one can get information of the nature of the polymerization process, the average size of the grains, and the surface roughness of the sample.
In the process of sonication at smaller periods the roughness is large and the grain size is also large because of the increase in the molecular weight of the polymer (figures 8a, 8b).
At relatively higher sonication periods the roughness is small and the grain size is also small because of the high homogeneity found in the nature of ultrasound when passing through liquids and solids.

It can be also supposed that there is a strong correlation between the grain size of the delta ferrite and the austenite.
The grain boundary surfaces formed at the connecting delta ferrites can move, that manifest in the flattening of the curved boundary surfaces and perhaps in the coarsening of the delta ferrite crystallites (grain boundary surfaces are decreasing).
The observed zones: • The outer fine grain zone could not be identified, • Columnar zone, • Equiaxed zone with 40 mm total thickness.
The figure clearly shows that, MnS inclusions precipitates in solid phase at the austenite grain boundary if C>0.1%.
• By the help of quantitative metallographic measurements we demonstrated that the maximum number of MnS inclusions exists in columnar to equiaxed transition zone

During FSW process, the material undergoes intense plastic deformation at elevated temperature, resulting in generation of fine and equiaxed recrystallized grains.
The Laser-Beam Welding (LBW) process can ensure the most concentrated heat input for the welding of aluminium alloys and has a number of advantages such as: (i) high precision, (ii) a high quality welded joint, and (iii) minimal distortions.
Figure 2 shows that there are three regions, namely, the parent metal with grains elongated through rolling, the weld bead with small grains, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) consisting of grains elongated in the direction of the temperature gradient.
Subsequent to their work, the method was improved and the application extended to various metallic substrates such as metal parts of a complex shape, to single grains of polycrystalline material and even to single crystals [21].
Figure 10 shows that in laminated AA 2139, the main corrosion form is pitting that follows grain profile in the lamination direction.

This is a result of vanadium producing both grain refinement, including formation of intra-granular ferrite, and precipitation strengthening.
Moreover, aluminium forms a nitride phase, which can promote grain refinement.
The profile, which is typical for ductile fracture: small dimples (0.5-1 µm), is a result of the fine ferrite grain structure and inter-granular ductile fracture.
The average ferrite grain size, as determined using an IAS-4 image analyzer, was ASTM 10.
Scheme of diagram plotting (a, b) and diagram of cyclic straining of steel 17Mn2NV (c); figures near curves are numbers of semi-cycles.

KFM has been used to study the work function differences between different facets of crystal orientation on single grains, to characterize the grain boundary structures within polycrystalline absorber materials, and to study the cross-section of the junction region through a complete solar cell device.
Plan-view is perfect where a large area of layered structures is to be studied, for example where the grain size of upper layer is to be studied [25].
Grain-orientation (by electron backscattering diffraction, EBSD) and defect density (by, electron beam induced current, EBIC maps) were studied with an SEM microscope [25, 28].
In case of polycrystalline-Si thin film, electrical activity of both the intragrain defects as well as the grain boundaries is investigated with electron beam induced current (EBIC) measurements [43].
Though a number of techniques from nanoscale to macroscale are currently serving in labs and industries, further understanding of the facts between the underlying materials characteristics and device performance is unavoidable and still lacking.

Secondly, employ empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to the reconstructed signal to obtain a certain number of stationary intrinsic mode functions (IMF).
Statistics show that misalignment faults account for nearly 60% of the total faults number.
An IMF is a function that satisfies two conditions: one is that the number of extreme and the number of zero crossings must either be equal or differ at most by one during the whole dataset; the other is that, at any instant, the mean value of the envelop defined by local minima is zero.
A complex signal can be decomposed into a number of IMFs and a residue.
Jamieson, On the Scalability of 2-D Wavelet Transform Algorithms on Fine-grained Parallel Machines, International Conference on Parallel Processing, 2(1996)24-28