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Meanwhile, TEM and STEM images showed that a large number of secondary phases appeared after the homogenization, which were mainly distributed in the inter-dendrite area.
The primary phase of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy were Al2Mg3Zn3 and Al2CuMg distributed in the grain boundaries, and the primary phase of Al-Zn-Mg alloy was block-shaped Al2Mg3Zn3[3-5].
A large number of secondary phases precipitates during the homogenization
Evolution of Grain Boundary Phases during the Homogenization of AA7020 Aluminum Alloy.

The number of revolution of the V mill is 40 rpm.
In the microscopic observation, intermetallic compounds or deposits on the grain boundary are not observed, but some voids in the case that the density of the green compacts is less than 55%.
Fig.9 SEM images, characteristics X-ray images and ratio of each mixed layer for FGPJ Mixing ratio (Cu/SUS304 mass %) 80 / 20 60 / 40 40 / 60 20 / 80 SEM Image Characteristic X-ray image Cu-Kαααα Characteristic X-ray image Fe- Kαααα Area ratio (Cu/SUS304 %) 81.3 / 18.7 56.3 / 43.7 44.7 / 55.3 16.0 / 84.0 Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Copper Side Copper Side Copper Side Copper Side Fig.8 External appearance of FGPJ (In case of HIP treatment) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 100/0 80/20 60/40 40/60 20/80 0/100 Mixing ratio (Cu/SUS304) Liner law of mixture rule : Mean value & range Vickers hardness number ( Hv ,0.5) Mixing ratio (Cu/SUS304), (%) Vickers hardness number, (Hv,0.5) Fig.10 Relation between mixing ratio of Cu / SUS304 and Vickers hardness number
In the microscopic observation, intermetallic compounds or deposits on the grain boundary are not observed

The mechanical strength of the shaped blank-product, but also indirectly of the final product (after sintering), depends on the interaction between two polymers and the polymer and the powder grains.
Experimental Slurry preparation The solid phase used for the preparation of the slurry was α-Al2O3 (denoted as A16SG, delivered by Almatis) with the parameters: average grain size – about 0.5µm, specific surface area (measured by BET) – 8.9m2/g, and the density (measured by the pycnometric method) – 3.89g/cm3.
In the present experiments, we used structural foams delivered by the Kureta Co (Germany) in which the number of open pores per inch was 10, 20 and 30 (ppi10, ppi20, ppi30).
The foams differed in the number of pores per inch.
Since the amount of the slurry deposited on the substrate depends on the number of substrate openings, the density of the material deposited on the pppi30 foam is higher than that with the other foams and, thus, the open porosity of the material is higher.

And it is the reason of that high base number sulfonate showed good extreme pressure property.
Analysis methods (1) The mensuration method of total base number(TBN) is SH/T0251
Results and discussion Freeze-etching electron microscopy of the product The enlarged 100000 times freeze-etching electron microscopy of synthesized nano carbonate sodium was shown in Figure 1, its grain size analysis with Zetaplus/90 plus type zeta laser particle size analyzer was shown in Figure 2.
Figure 7 The SEM results of worn surface, 5Cst (left) and 1.0wt% SSSU (right) From figure 7, the SEM micrographs indicate that severe scuffing occurs with lubrication of base oil alone, taking on grain abrasion characteristic.
The tribogical reaction between metals can produce partial high temperature, and it made carbonate releasing from high base number sulfonate, the inorganic carbonate sodium reacted with iron oxide and fresh iron in metal surface to generate oxide sodium and ferrite sodium, to form protective film in metal surface, so it is the reason that the high base number alkali sulfonate has a certain tribological performance.

As for MA method, it is possible to fabricate precise parts with very fine grained microstructure.
Inevitable problems might be raised such as coursing of grain size and thermal strain after relatively long heat treatment.
observed after Fig.5 Sharpy impact test results of HNS (23%Cr-4%Ni-2%Mor-1%N) � �� �� �� �� ��� � ��� � ��� � ��� ��� ��� 7HPSHUDWXUH 
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of count, c/s N 1S As polished Corroded area Non-corroded area under crevice NO NH3 Nitride N in alloy 23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr----4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni----1%N1%N1%N1%N 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 408 406 404 402 400 398 396 394 Binding energy, eV Numbers of count, c/s N 1S As polished Corroded area Non-corroded area under crevice NO NH3 Nitride N in alloy 23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr----4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni----1%N1%N1%N1%N 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 408 406 404 402 400 398 396 394 Binding energy, eV Numbers of count, c/s N 1S As polished Corroded area Non-corroded area under crevice NO NH3 Nitride N in alloy 23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr----4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni----1%N1%N1%N1%N 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 408 406 404 402 400 398 396 394 Binding energy, eV Numbers of count, c/s N 1S As polished Corroded area Non-corroded area under

The samples had a sufficient color inhomogeneity up to strains of e = 6.0-6.5 corresponding to the number of revolutions of n £5.
On the basis of these data we can conclude that the original metal powder mixture has been suffering the number of structural and phase transformations determined by the strain during severe plastic deformation up to solid solution formation at room temperature.
Attempts to determine the concentration and the role of point defects, usually vacancies in mass transfer during plastic deformation have been undertaken in a number of computational works [10–12].
According to earlier research on a number of pure metals [5-7], decreasing of the deformation temperature blocks thermally activated processes necessary for a non-conservative motion of dislocations.
Dheda, On the minimum grain size obtainable by high-pressure torsion, Materials Science & Engineering A. 558 (2012) 59–63

Intermetallidshaving a number of advantages are considered to be promising materials for metal matrix.
Such methods include using a number of other CEF sources such as laser, ion-plasma, explosion,etc.
In the structure of the brittle-ductile fracture, a little number of small pores(with a size of 0.2 to 0.5 mm), uniformly distributed over the metal of the ingot, were found.
A significant grain refinement in the ingot is occurred with an increase of the Zr concentration and addition of C (Figure 1, d).
The rest of the structural components of the alloys are located along the grain boundaries.

The MZ 1 specimen composed of YSZ 1 powder is characterized by the TC defect structure with large numbers of micropores and microcracks, while MZ 2 specimen with YSZ 2 powder contains only a few microdefects and is fairly densified as compared with the other TBC systems.
the same TC powder as MZ 2, on the contrary, a number of the macrocracks have already extended or penetrated through major part of the TC over the length of 100µm vertical to the TC / BC interface.
The 240~400 numbers of microphotographs per one specimen were taken until completing the test.
It was confirmed that the initiation site of TC spalling should coincide with the region subjected to the more extensive plastic deformation in the alloy substrate for all the specimens tested, of which magnitude is probably different depending on the crystallographic orientation for each grain.
Such a deformation might depend strongly on the relative crystallographic orientation to the loading axis of individual grains with relatively large size in the alloy substrate.

According to a dispersion relationship of the helicon wave, the electron density is proportional to magnetic field if the parallel wave number is fixed.
The Hiden probe measures the electron and ion currents to provide electron and ion number density measurements [18].
The probe has an error of ±50% for electron and ion number densities and ±20%for electron temperature [19].
Fig. 5(a) shows there are a large number of small dots adsorbed on the surface of big grain.
Compared to Fig.5 (a), the average grain size decreases with the increasing RF power.

The basic value is the number of AE events per a period of time.
This parameter is a simple indicator for determining the degree of damage to a material, where generally applies that a larger number of AE events indicates a higher degree of material damage.
Fig. 2 The number of AE events during the static modulus of elasticity test, the vertical axis shows logarithmic scale.
Kalina, Effect of the by-pass cement-kiln dust and fluidized-bed-combustion fly ash on the properties of fine-grained alkali-activated slag-based composites, Mater.
Karel, Shrinkage of Fine-Grained Composites Based on Alkali- Activated Slag, Non-traditional Cement & Concrete, Brno, 2017, 20-21