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Online since: August 2012
Authors: Yan Xu, Jian Ping Zhou, Jun Ze Zhang, Bo Ma
A large number of experiments must be done for further researching and improving processing technics to improve the surface quality.
Comparing the processed surface layer’s organization in Fig.5 with matrix organization in Fig.6, we can see that the crystalline grain in surface layer has been refined after processing, which could improve the physical and mechanical properties of the surface layer’s organization.
Fig.7 Pit defect(×100) Fig.8 Microcracks(×100) A number of microcracks appear accompaning with the pit generation,it is shown in Fig.8.
Comparing the processed surface layer’s organization in Fig.5 with matrix organization in Fig.6, we can see that the crystalline grain in surface layer has been refined after processing, which could improve the physical and mechanical properties of the surface layer’s organization.
Fig.7 Pit defect(×100) Fig.8 Microcracks(×100) A number of microcracks appear accompaning with the pit generation,it is shown in Fig.8.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Shu Xian Liu, Shao Bo Wei
Coarse aggregate.The grain size distribution is shown in table 3.
Table 6 The table of antifreeze performance % Number of times 25 freeze-thaw 50 freeze-thaw Experimental projects 1 2 3 average 1 2 3 average Mass loss rate 0 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0.05 strength loss rate 3.5 4.0 3.1 3.5 7.0 6.5 7.5 7 According to the test results can be drawn that the quality , properties and radioactivity of the burning- and steam curing- free brick product which is made with iron tailings in Tangshan area is in line with the standard of National Building Materials.
Na2SO4+CH+2H2O→CaSO4·2H2O+2NaOH CaSO4+2H2O+C3A+12H2O→3CaO·Al2O3·CaSO4·12H2O The CH, CASO4·2H2O as alkaline and sulfate activator react with the active component in the fly ash (activated SiO2 and activated Al2O3) activated SiO2+m1CH→m1CaO·SiO2 activated Al2O3+m2CH→m2CaO·Al2O3 activated Al2O3+3CH+3CaSO4·2H2O+23 H2O→3 CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32 H2O At the beginning of hydration, mainly is C3A (tricalcium silicate) first hydrated and combine with gypsum to form ettringite AF1, this reaction is fast, at the same time gradually formed hydrated calcium silicate, hydrated calcium aluminate and CH crystal, a large number of active ingredients react with CH to increase the quantity of hydrated calcium silicate, hydrated calcium aluminate and hydration sulfur calcium aluminate, Reduced the content of the mixed solution of CH, and accelerated the hydration of the clinker minerals.
Table 6 The table of antifreeze performance % Number of times 25 freeze-thaw 50 freeze-thaw Experimental projects 1 2 3 average 1 2 3 average Mass loss rate 0 0 0 0 0.15 0 0 0.05 strength loss rate 3.5 4.0 3.1 3.5 7.0 6.5 7.5 7 According to the test results can be drawn that the quality , properties and radioactivity of the burning- and steam curing- free brick product which is made with iron tailings in Tangshan area is in line with the standard of National Building Materials.
Na2SO4+CH+2H2O→CaSO4·2H2O+2NaOH CaSO4+2H2O+C3A+12H2O→3CaO·Al2O3·CaSO4·12H2O The CH, CASO4·2H2O as alkaline and sulfate activator react with the active component in the fly ash (activated SiO2 and activated Al2O3) activated SiO2+m1CH→m1CaO·SiO2 activated Al2O3+m2CH→m2CaO·Al2O3 activated Al2O3+3CH+3CaSO4·2H2O+23 H2O→3 CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·32 H2O At the beginning of hydration, mainly is C3A (tricalcium silicate) first hydrated and combine with gypsum to form ettringite AF1, this reaction is fast, at the same time gradually formed hydrated calcium silicate, hydrated calcium aluminate and CH crystal, a large number of active ingredients react with CH to increase the quantity of hydrated calcium silicate, hydrated calcium aluminate and hydration sulfur calcium aluminate, Reduced the content of the mixed solution of CH, and accelerated the hydration of the clinker minerals.
Online since: April 2007
Authors: Ming Hao Fang, Zhao Hui Huang, Yan Gai Liu
The average grain sizes of
them were both 40-60µm.
Acknowledgment This work was financially supported by Foundation of China University of Geosciences, Beijing, under grant number 200403 and National Nature Science Foundation of the People's Republic of China under grant number 50572098.
Acknowledgment This work was financially supported by Foundation of China University of Geosciences, Beijing, under grant number 200403 and National Nature Science Foundation of the People's Republic of China under grant number 50572098.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Ying Shen, Yun Zhao, Ming Zhu Zhu
Such as cells counting and measurement in biology, bars counting in industry automation, grains counting and fruits recognition in agricultural automation.
We can figure out the number of targets and their position through finding partial maximums in the output map.
It reflects the number of targets and the nearly positions of each object.
We can figure out the number of targets and their position through finding partial maximums in the output map.
It reflects the number of targets and the nearly positions of each object.
Online since: April 2015
Authors: Hussin Kamarudin, Elena Machedon Pisu, Teodor Machedon-Pisu
Large grain ferrite and martensite x200
Fig. 4 Local plastic deformation, marginal (X5000)
From visual analysis of parts obtained that does not highlight significant differences between the two pieces at the top (at the entrance of the plasma jet).
Measured dimensions of the pieces obtained by cutting the plasma process that air in the water bed The area measurement Sample cut in air Sample cut in the water bed Surface 1 [mm] Surface 2 [mm] Surface 1 [mm] Surface 2 [mm] Side A 1 89,40 91,10 90,00 91,60 2 89,40 91,10 90,00 92,10 3 89,40 91,10 90,30 92,20 Side B 1 89,30 91,20 90,30 92,10 2 89,30 91,20 90,30 91,20 3 89,20 91,20 90,30 91,20 Side C 1 89,30 91,20 90,50 92,20 2 89,30 91,20 90,50 92,20 3 89,30 91,20 90,50 91,50 Side D 1 89,30 91,20 90,50 91,50 2 89,30 91,20 90,40 91,50 3 89,30 91,20 90,40 91,40 Average values [mm] 89,32 91,20 90,32 91,72 Average angular tolerance (u) on all 4 sides of the piece number 1, when cutting the piece in free atmosphere can be determined using a CAD program, as shown in Figure 6, is about 9 degrees on the side: Fig. 6.
Vasil'ev Plasma-arc cutting – a promising method of thermal cutting, 2003 în WELDING INTERNATIONAL Volume 17, Number 2, 147 151, DOI: 10.1533/wint 3096 [4] R.
Measured dimensions of the pieces obtained by cutting the plasma process that air in the water bed The area measurement Sample cut in air Sample cut in the water bed Surface 1 [mm] Surface 2 [mm] Surface 1 [mm] Surface 2 [mm] Side A 1 89,40 91,10 90,00 91,60 2 89,40 91,10 90,00 92,10 3 89,40 91,10 90,30 92,20 Side B 1 89,30 91,20 90,30 92,10 2 89,30 91,20 90,30 91,20 3 89,20 91,20 90,30 91,20 Side C 1 89,30 91,20 90,50 92,20 2 89,30 91,20 90,50 92,20 3 89,30 91,20 90,50 91,50 Side D 1 89,30 91,20 90,50 91,50 2 89,30 91,20 90,40 91,50 3 89,30 91,20 90,40 91,40 Average values [mm] 89,32 91,20 90,32 91,72 Average angular tolerance (u) on all 4 sides of the piece number 1, when cutting the piece in free atmosphere can be determined using a CAD program, as shown in Figure 6, is about 9 degrees on the side: Fig. 6.
Vasil'ev Plasma-arc cutting – a promising method of thermal cutting, 2003 în WELDING INTERNATIONAL Volume 17, Number 2, 147 151, DOI: 10.1533/wint 3096 [4] R.
Online since: June 2010
Authors: Masaaki Takaya, Kousuke Hara, Shinji Muraishi, Hiromitsu Chinen
(1)
Assuming that the prismatic dislocation loop with Burgers vector, b3, normal to the free surface
is introduced beneath the contact surface, the maximum indentation depth, hp, at the loop center is
given by the total number of the dislocation loops, N, as follows
Numbers of triangular loop is set as N=100, which is sufficient to express the smooth boundary of plastic domain.
Judging from the slope of the inclined columnar grains, degree of the plastic deformation is significant at the center of the indentation and gradually decreases toward the edge of indentation as represented in (a).
Numbers of triangular loop is set as N=100, which is sufficient to express the smooth boundary of plastic domain.
Judging from the slope of the inclined columnar grains, degree of the plastic deformation is significant at the center of the indentation and gradually decreases toward the edge of indentation as represented in (a).
Online since: June 2011
Authors: Zhong Ping Luo, Jun De Yang, Yuan Wang, Fan Lu
It is recommended to count the number of diamond particles on the matrix surface and get the embedding strength of diamond by calculation.
The author suggested calculating the embedding strength of the diamond via counting the number of diamond on the surface of the matrix.
The principle is shown as below: The number of diamond per centimeter square on the matrix surface is calculated using the following equation: (1) Where N——the number of diamond particle per centimeter square, particle/cm2 c——concentration of the diamond Β——Coefficient of diamond exposed, d/p is the exposing height of the diamond.
D——the diameter of the diamond G——Calculation of the coefficient of diamond grain size.For the 50/60,60/70 SMD diamond,g=0.76; for the 70/80,80/100SMD diamond, g=0.59.
The author suggested calculating the embedding strength of the diamond via counting the number of diamond on the surface of the matrix.
The principle is shown as below: The number of diamond per centimeter square on the matrix surface is calculated using the following equation: (1) Where N——the number of diamond particle per centimeter square, particle/cm2 c——concentration of the diamond Β——Coefficient of diamond exposed, d/p is the exposing height of the diamond.
D——the diameter of the diamond G——Calculation of the coefficient of diamond grain size.For the 50/60,60/70 SMD diamond,g=0.76; for the 70/80,80/100SMD diamond, g=0.59.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Wen Hui Ma, Xiu Hua Chen, Jia Li He, Yong Yin Xiao, Jiao Li, Xue Mei Liu, Yong Qiang Han
And the main reason is that a large number of Cu large particles passed through HfSiN diffusion barrier layer and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance.
1.
From Fig. 1(e), the holes increased obviously, which illustrates that a large number of Cu large particles have passed through HfSiN diffusion barrier layer and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance, HfSiN thin film is failure for anti-diffusion to Cu.
Cu3Si(111) and CuO(002) diffraction peaks become sharp after being annealed at 700℃, which indicates that a large number of Cu large particles have passed through barrier layer, and barrier layer failure.
But there is no diffraction peak of HfSiN in the XRD patterns after being annealed at 700℃, which means that barrier layer failure is not caused by crystallization of barrier layer, but caused by a large number of Cu large particles passed through HfSiN diffusion barrier layer and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance.
The main reason is that barrier material generated large particles after annealing 30 min above 600℃, a large number of Cu large particles passed through barrier layer’s grain boundaries and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance.
From Fig. 1(e), the holes increased obviously, which illustrates that a large number of Cu large particles have passed through HfSiN diffusion barrier layer and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance, HfSiN thin film is failure for anti-diffusion to Cu.
Cu3Si(111) and CuO(002) diffraction peaks become sharp after being annealed at 700℃, which indicates that a large number of Cu large particles have passed through barrier layer, and barrier layer failure.
But there is no diffraction peak of HfSiN in the XRD patterns after being annealed at 700℃, which means that barrier layer failure is not caused by crystallization of barrier layer, but caused by a large number of Cu large particles passed through HfSiN diffusion barrier layer and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance.
The main reason is that barrier material generated large particles after annealing 30 min above 600℃, a large number of Cu large particles passed through barrier layer’s grain boundaries and reacted with Si substrate and oxygen to generate Cu3Si and CuO with high resistance.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Wei Su, Gang Chen, Bo Li, Hong Liang Zhang
,Guangzhou,Guangdong 510080,China)
(2Southeast University,Nanjing Jiangsu 210096 China)
1,a13926035246@126.com 2,bsixuefy@163.com 1,cJxhwsu@163.com 1,dgzmeihualu@163,com
Key words: coal; mineral; amount of ash; ashing Law
Abstract: This article makes analysis of the composition of the coaly mineral, makes the research on the evolution characteristics of the coaly mineral in the course of combustion, the ashing behavior of the mineral and the generation mechanism of the particle, points out the relationship between the grain size of the particle in the coal and the amount of ash, and finally indicates that the actual amount of ash from the boiler is less than the theoretical amount of ash by test.
Size of typical particle External minerals crushing Gasifying, nucleating Condensing, agglomerating External minerals Inherent minerals Coke crushing Coke expanding Coke crushing Inherent minerals agglomerating Coal particles Figure 1 Diagram of Generation Mechanism of Flying Ash during Combustion Process of Pulverized Coal As can be seen from the diagram, as the volatile parts overflow and the coke particles combust during combustion of pulverized coal, the flying ash is generated mainly by the following three ways: 3.1 The minerals and inorganic elements in coal gasify during combustion process and form many fine ash particles out of condensation; 3.2 The inherent minerals in coal forms larger ash particles by aggregating, also a part of the inherent mineral is crushed into smaller ash particles; 3.3 When external minerals suffer from rapid heating, the stress of gas precipitated out of heat shock and decomposition crush some external minerals, thereby generating a number
Submicron particles are mainly composed of regular spherical particles, and there are also a small number of irregular carbonaceous particles gathering together to form chain-like particles, while most of the super-micron particles are spherical with relatively smooth surface.
Relationship between Theoretical Ash Amount and Actual Ash Amount As large number of ultra-supercritical units is put into operation, people have paid attention to the actual ash amount and found there often are some differences between the actual ash amount and the theoretical ash amount.
Size of typical particle External minerals crushing Gasifying, nucleating Condensing, agglomerating External minerals Inherent minerals Coke crushing Coke expanding Coke crushing Inherent minerals agglomerating Coal particles Figure 1 Diagram of Generation Mechanism of Flying Ash during Combustion Process of Pulverized Coal As can be seen from the diagram, as the volatile parts overflow and the coke particles combust during combustion of pulverized coal, the flying ash is generated mainly by the following three ways: 3.1 The minerals and inorganic elements in coal gasify during combustion process and form many fine ash particles out of condensation; 3.2 The inherent minerals in coal forms larger ash particles by aggregating, also a part of the inherent mineral is crushed into smaller ash particles; 3.3 When external minerals suffer from rapid heating, the stress of gas precipitated out of heat shock and decomposition crush some external minerals, thereby generating a number
Submicron particles are mainly composed of regular spherical particles, and there are also a small number of irregular carbonaceous particles gathering together to form chain-like particles, while most of the super-micron particles are spherical with relatively smooth surface.
Relationship between Theoretical Ash Amount and Actual Ash Amount As large number of ultra-supercritical units is put into operation, people have paid attention to the actual ash amount and found there often are some differences between the actual ash amount and the theoretical ash amount.
Online since: April 2014
Authors: Takashi Kato
We define the psaturated value denoting the ratio of the number of carbon atoms with saturated sp3 hybrid orbitals to that of the total carbon atoms located in the area directly related to the superconductivity.
The psaturated value increases with an increase in the number of these additional materials combined with carbon framework.
Therefore, the HOMO-LUMO gap value increases with an increase in the number of these additional materials combined with carbon framework.
However, we can at least say that the psaturated value increases with an increase in the number of these additional materials (whatever they are) combined with carbon framework.
For example, the virgin diamond treated by water or exposed to the hydrogen plasma in a macroscopic sized grain, in which the valence bands are completely occupied by electrons, have a possibility to exhibit high-temperature superconductivity.
The psaturated value increases with an increase in the number of these additional materials combined with carbon framework.
Therefore, the HOMO-LUMO gap value increases with an increase in the number of these additional materials combined with carbon framework.
However, we can at least say that the psaturated value increases with an increase in the number of these additional materials (whatever they are) combined with carbon framework.
For example, the virgin diamond treated by water or exposed to the hydrogen plasma in a macroscopic sized grain, in which the valence bands are completely occupied by electrons, have a possibility to exhibit high-temperature superconductivity.