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For example, allotropic modifications of homonuclear carbon compounds form a number of substances with different chemical structures (diamond, graphite, graphene, carbine, carbene, etc.), characterised by a significant difference in their properties.
Mesostructure ~104-107 Å (10-6-10-3 m) Subgrains (1-100 mkm) and subgrain boundaries; grains (100-1000 mkm) and boundaries between them; planar defects (dislocation assemblies) SMS: small axialites, hedrites and spherulites up to several dozens of mkm; planar and small bulk defects (voids, etc.) 3.
Macrostructure ~107-109 Å (10-3-10-1 m) Structures formed by grains (fibres, dendrites, etc.) and interfaces; bulk defects (cavities, cracks, etc.)
The combination of a large number of individual macromolecules linked by intermolecular van der Waals or hydrogen physical bonds leads to formation of polymer material.
The development of this approach determined the need to take into account the cumulative contribution of each of the levels (micro-, meso - and macro-) and microstructure sublevels (1a, 1b and 1c) considered in Table 1 to the specific physico-chemical and mechanical properties of substances and materials according to the following formula (3) (3) where MP is material property; MPi is material property determined by a certain structural level according to Table 1; ki is coefficient, which takes into account contribution of a specific structural level of material to a certain (physical, mechanical, chemical, etc.) property; n - number of levels of a material structure, where the first (basic) is the electron-nuclear (chemical) level of structural organisation.

SEM picture (Fig.3) shows that with the increasing of doped Cu, the SnOx particles on the surface of thin films become smaller, and the contact areas between SnOx grain and lithium ion become bigger.
Fig. 4 Discharge capacity curves of SnOx vs. cycle number.
Fig.7 Discharge capacity curves of all-solid-states thin film lithium-ion micro-batteries vs. cycle number 3.

The total number of elements is 60450, and total number of nodes is 77868.
Fig.6 Method of analysis Fig.7 Three kinds of models analyzed Fig.4 Example of FEM mesh for 3D model Fig.5 Boundary conditions of the model *ABCE*BCAE * CABE References [1] Abb research ltd., "Method of forming motor", Japan patent (in Japanese), 2004-505595 [2] Kumai, S., and Yaskawa electric corp., "Winding accumulating core of motor", Japan patent (in Japanese), s51-40506 [3] Kikuchi, Y., Fukuda, Y., Maeyama, K., and Fujitsu general ltd., "Motor", Japan patent, 2005-160170 [4] Sakanishi, S., Asai, T., Koyama, M., and Kuroda precision ind. ltd., Mitsuba electric mfg. co. ltd., "Method and device for manufacturing winding stator core", Japan patent, h2-106151 [5] Mizutani, K., and Toshiba corp., "Manufacture of annular core", Japan patent, h1-264548 [6] Kaido, C., "Spiral Core made of Grain-oriented Electrical Steel Sheet", IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 116, No. 3 (1996), pp. 265-270 0 1 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.16

Additionally, the elastically scattered peak intensity can be used to map grain structure in multicrystalline samples.
Grain boundary structure from elastically scattered peak.
In addition, the dimensions of a particle smaller than the beam spot size can also be determined: Knowing the depth of an impurity particle (and thus, the attenuation of the exiting X-ray fluorescence), and calibrating the µ-XRF count rate with a standard material with known impurity concentration (typically a NIST SRM 1832 or 1833 foil), it is possible to determine the number of impurity atoms comprising the particle by using the equation: )(cm (atoms/g) )(g/cm [M] (cts/s) (cts/s) =(atoms) 2 Std 2 Std Std Prec Prec A D C C N ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ , [Eq. 3] from Ref. [8], where Nprec is the number of atoms in a precipitate, Cprec is the XRF count rate with the beam focused on the precipitate and adjusted for the depth of the particle, Cstd is the XRF count rate of the standard sample, [M]Std is the known metal concentration within the standard, DStd is the density of the standard material in terms of atoms/g, and A is the X-ray beam spot size.
Oxidation state, degree of covalent or ionic bonding, and coordination number are factors that heavily influence XANES and depend on local bonding.
The operations of the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory are supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the US Department of Energy under Contract Numbers DEAC03-76SF00098 and W-31-109-ENG-38, respectively.

No or less nitrides were produced under irradiation of very high intensity or less number of shots.
The approach can overcome some problems that occur in the conventional chemical treatments or coating techniques, such as unavoidable heating of the entire workpieces (high energy consumption and possibility of bulk deterioration, e.g., grain coarsening by the heating) and weak film-substrate bonding strength.
Shot number, N, was changed from 1 to 10 for the irradiation, respectively.
N = 1 N = 2 N = 5 N = 10 ○ D2 D2 B2 observed with increased shot number [Fig. 3(b)-(d)].
Secondly, shot number has a crucial influence on formation kinetics of the nitrides and carbontrides.

The influence of solidification rate to microstructures, morphology and grain size of Pt-Ir-M alloys were analyzed.
Mechanical and electrical properties of Pt-Ir-M（M＝Zr, Mo, Y）system According to phase diagram of Pt-Ir-M system and its applications[4-6], we designed the chemical composition of Pt-Ir-M (M＝Zr, Mo, Y) system as follow: Pt-10Ir-1Zr, Pt-10Ir-1Mo, Pt-10Ir-1Y; Pt-25Ir-1Zr, Pt-25Ir-1Mo, Pt-25Ir-1Y, where the number represent the mass percentage of each composition element.
It also can be found in the tables that with the same percentage of doping elements Mo, Y, Zr in Pt-Ir solid solution, the electronic transfer number of Y element is the largest, followed by the Zr element, and the electron transfer number of Mo element is the smallest.

Although previous studies have created a number of high-precision surface finishing methods and processes, research institutions at home and abroad are still actively exploring a new method of high-quality, high efficiency and low cost to surface processing[4,5].
Radiating surface to do even vibration, the output frequencyis , circular frequency , ignore the impact of particle and bubble, sound velocity in the slurrycan be considered equal with speed of sound in water is .Output of ultrasonic wave number , wavelength .
(a) Single sound source (b) Multiple sound source Fig.3 Flow field of the slurry It can be seen from the Fig.3 by contrast, when a single sound source to vibrate, the flow distribution of grain is much uniform in the container.

Table 1 Cutter parameters Parameters Value Diamond grain size [#] Concentration [Kts/cm] Cutter weight [g] Cutter diameter [mm] Tooth number Tooth width [mm] Cylindrical diameter [mm] Maximum diameter [mm] 45/50 120 612 59 16 6 51 96 The material for experiment is a kind of granite from Jinan, China.
(2) Where, v is the peripheral speed of cutter, is the number of tooth, is the feed rate in each tooth, d is the diameter of cutter.

Many studies [3-11] on melting argue that homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation of melt will be formed at surface, interface, grain boundaries, defect and dislocation etc.
The MD program XMD [14] was performed under the constant number, pressure and temperature ensemble (NPT).
Fig.3a shows the time when the system has no the Lindemann particles, and Fig.3b shows the scenario where the number of Lindemann particles is less than 1.9%.

Previous paper showed the relations between the explosive distance from bottle, the explosive velocities in the case of one bottle and the "Cullet" grain size distributions.
The experiments were executed in nine kinds of patterns according to the inside state of bottle (air charge or water charge), the number of bottles (1,2,3), the arrangement of bottles (series or concentric circle), the amount of explosive and the shape of explosive (stick type or sphere type) shown in Table 1
In this arrangement, the "Cullet" size distributions are almost constant regardless the number of bottles.