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Acknowledgements This work has been conducted as a part of the research project N 502 447239 supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland in 2010 – 2013.
Dzitkowski: Modelling and synthesis of discrete – continuous subsystems of machines with damping, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 164-165 (2005) 1317-1326
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These methods includes laser processing, rolling, moulding, micro-casting, etching, grinding micro-milling and diamond-turning, etc. [3, 13-15]. to remove surface materials .
The protruded part of the wheel surface will cut more materials forming dimple texture on workpiece during grinding.
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CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 3(2010): 14–26
[14] B Ekkard, G Ralf, S Lars, Review on diamond-machine process for generation of functional surface structures, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 5(2012):1–7

These factors will result in the damage of concrete materials, i.e. degeneration of the property of materials.
The strength of damage field (the degeneration of the property of materials) will affect on the operation property of concrete structure.
Over the past, the damage of concrete materials was not considered to analyze the stress-field and displacement-field of concrete structure, and the concrete material of the concrete structure was considered as undamaged materials.
[4] Wang Xiangdong: Some Problems with the Handling of Figures in Experiment of Concrete, Journal of Hohai University (nature sciences) (Special) 1997
[5] Wang Xiangdong: Forecast Long-term Data of Material Coefficient with Grey System Theory, Journal of Hohai University (nature sciences) 1999.12

Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Silver by Warm-vacuum-compaction Method Wei Liu1, a, and Qionghua Zhou2, b 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P.R.China 471003 2Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P.R.China 471003 aliuweidavid@yahoo.com.cn, bzhouqionghua2000@163.com Keywords: Nanocrystalline silver, Warm-vacuum-compaction, Density, Microhardness Abstract.
In the last thirty years, a number of processing techniques have been developed to produce nc-materials.
Nc-materials were first fabricated by IGC, which was studied in detail by Gleiter et al. since 1980s [3].
MA is usually used to prepare brittle materials or alloys with high melting temperature.
References [1] Y.F.Shen, W.Y.Xue, Y.D.Wang, Z.Y.Liu and L.Zuo: Surface & Coatings Technology, Vol. 202 (2008), p. 5140 [2] J.Petzold: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Vol. 242-245 (2002), p. 84 [3] H.Gleiter: Prog.

Tool-path Planning Algorithm The use of the best paths for the CCOS operation permits polishing of odd-shaped workpieces with reduced edge problems and mid-frequency residual errors, according to Preston equation [9], when a relative motion occurred between two materials in contact by a force, the wear at any point on one of the surfaces depends upon the relative velocity V and the pressure P at that point, and the material removal function W is given as 0 .
Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.60508001 and 60644003) and Beijing Nova Program of China (Grant No.2006B24) and Excellent Young Scholars Research Fund of Beijing Institute of Technology (Grant No.2006Y0101).
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Along with the progress of materials and structures, deflection and axial load conversion which is the important and basic problem still need further investigation and discussion for reasonably revision.
However, considered mechanics model, subgrade module, materials behavior and parameter have certain difference between the theory and the actual condition, Design Specification adopted the correction coefficient F (see Eq.1) [11,12], but the F value by Eq.2 is usually less than 1, when the deflection value is 30(0.01mm) is 0.58; when the deflection value is 50(0.01mm) is 0.7; when the deflection value is 130(0.01mm) is just 1.01.
Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development.
Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science) .Vol. 34 (2006), p.895 [3] LIN Xiu-xian: Flexible Pavement Design (China Communications Press, China 1988)
Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development.Vol.21 (2004), p.6-9

The element of the two materials in contact often occur penetration.
In this paper the direct contact algorithm is adopt to simulate joint system of a CFRD and a method to determine the coefficient of friction between the materials in contact is proposed.
The constitutive model used for dam materials is EB model [9].
Wang: Journal of Computers and Geotechincs.
[8] Clough C W, Duncan J M: Journal Soil Mech.

Introduction Science and technology development causes the need for ceramic materials with thermal and chemical resistance, high thermal conductivity, good dielectric and mechanical properties [1,2].
The widespread use of nitride and oxynitride ceramic materials is constrained, mainly due to the lack of effective production technologies.
Rumyantsev/ Atomic layer deposition of tin oxide using tin tetraethyl for high capacity Li-ion batteries// Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, V. 35, Issue 1, 2017, article # 01B137, pp. 1-11 (DOI: 10.1116/1.4972554) [6].
Qu, Synthesis of aluminum nitride powder by carbothermal reduction of a combustion synthesis precursor, Materials Research Bulletin 43 (2008) 2954–2960 [11].
Thermal Plasma Spheroidization of High-Nitrogen Stainless Steel Powder Alloys Synthesized by Mechanical Alloying // Metals and Materials International. 2018.

When n is 950r/min and v is 118mm/min，the strength of the FSW joint of Titanium/Aluminum dissimilar materials is 131MPa which is the highest．
FSW is a solid state welding process which isn’t basically influenced by the physical and chemical properties, mechanical properties and crystal structure of materials, it is enormously advantagerous to overcome weld difficulty which comes from performance differences of different materials, and can avoid some defects which occur in fusion welding and reduce the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds, so it is more suitable for the joining of dissimilar materials.
So about the FSW of Titanium and Aluminum dissimilar materials, further measures (such as the design of stir head, add the middle materials etc.) are took to improve the strength of joint and then it is possible to carry out the applications of engineering.
Journal of Material Science and Technology Vol. 17 (2001), p. 439 [2] Minggao Yan, Xueren Wu, Zhishou Zhu.
Materials Letters Vol. 56 (2002), p. 647 (in Chinese) [6] Wilden J, Bergmann J P.

Some characteristics of ceramic materials have been improved.
Introduction Graphene is one of the most promising materials, which can use in energy storage sources, solar batteries, sensors, computer chips, electric devices and other materials.
Materials and methods All chemicals were used without purification.
We can say, that characteristics of obtained materials are similar to recently known materials.
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 351 (2010) 122-127