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In proportion, high-cycle fatigue is, on a macro scale, a quasi-elastic phenomenon where there is a microscopic plastic deformation confined in a small area at time and the initiation period is longer than the crack growth period. [2] [6] Materials and Experimental Methods Materials.
The authors are especially appreciative to Rautaruukki Oyj for the company’s test materials and their continuous and deep support during the research.
,Mäkikangas J., 11th Conference in laser processing of materials, Lappeenranta 2007, pp. 204-215 [2] Jaap Schijve, Fatigue of structures and materials, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic; Boston, MA, 2001 [3] Gurney T.R. (1979) Fatigue of welded structures. 2. edition.
Berger, International journal of fatigue, Volume 33, Issue 1, pp. 49-58 [5] Xue.L, International journal of fatigue Volume 30, pp. 1691- 1698 [6] Charkaluk E.
Journal of mechanical science and technology, Vol. 20 No 5, pp. 675- 680, 2006 [9] De Giorgi M., Dattoma V., Nobile R., Journal of mechanical science and technology 24 (2), 2010, pp. 453-460

Journal of Materials Science and Engineering B 6 (11-12), 2016, pp. 291-296
Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 417 (2018) 012-026
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 112(1) (2001) 63-67
Materials Science Forum, Vol. 950, pp. 24-31, 2019
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 88, 1999, pp.190 – 194

In these process, surface quality and material removal rate are of very important.
Two methods exist for conducting feedrate scheduling: one is based on the material removal rate (MRR) and the other is based on the cutting force [2].
Liu: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 138 (2003), p. 513 [2] B.U.
Lazoglu: International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 44 (2004), p. 21 [3] L.Q.
Zhang: International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 40 (2009), p. 1191

When n is 950r/min and v is 118mm/min，the strength of the FSW joint of Titanium/Aluminum dissimilar materials is 131MPa which is the highest．
FSW is a solid state welding process which isn’t basically influenced by the physical and chemical properties, mechanical properties and crystal structure of materials, it is enormously advantagerous to overcome weld difficulty which comes from performance differences of different materials, and can avoid some defects which occur in fusion welding and reduce the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds, so it is more suitable for the joining of dissimilar materials.
So about the FSW of Titanium and Aluminum dissimilar materials, further measures (such as the design of stir head, add the middle materials etc.) are took to improve the strength of joint and then it is possible to carry out the applications of engineering.
Journal of Material Science and Technology Vol. 17 (2001), p. 439 [2] Minggao Yan, Xueren Wu, Zhishou Zhu.
Materials Letters Vol. 56 (2002), p. 647 (in Chinese) [6] Wilden J, Bergmann J P.

Journal of Wuhan University of Technology (Materials Science Edition). 2009, 24(4): 677-683
Journal of Materials Science Letters. 1993, 12(12): 898-901
Journal of Materials, Concrete Structures , and Pavements. 1996, 532(30): 209-219
Advanced Materials Research. 2011, Vols. 150-151: 1369-1378
Applied Science Publishers LTD, London, 1979

Thinking about the available process paths from raw materials to finished products, there are different equipments, raw materials or semi-manufactured products to couple the material requirements planning with task accreditation planning, therefore, some model algorithms will not work or be hard to find the solution.
In the course of modelling, there is some hypothesis as following: (1)Provided that infinite materials, energy, information and manpower resource expect to export in the source point, while there is an infinite storage to store these materials, energy, and information and manpower resource
(2)Provided that intermediate points with no ability to store materials, energy and information, just play a role of transportation
The subset of Apex set VS ⊂ is supporting or selling materials, which is intituled as Source Points, nonnegative number iD indicates the supporting ability or selling ability of apex , Si ∈ , and nonnegative number ip indicates the bargain price of apex Si ∈ .
Foundation of China (58075190) and Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Control of Ministry of Education in Wuhan University of Science and Technology (2009A08) .

In this experiment, Hydroxyapatite (HA) materials were made using natural source extraction process.
Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Processes (AMMP), University of Malaya, for providing their kind assistance on SEM/EDX analysis in this project.
Toque, The influence of sintering temperature on the properties of compacted bovine hydroxyapatite, Materials Science and Engineering C 29 (2009) 1674–1680
Castro, Hydroxyapatite-based materials of marine origin: A bioactivity and sintering study, Materials Science and Engineering C 51 (2015) 309–315
Ibrahim, Removal of lead ions using hydroxyapatite nano-material prepared from phosphogypsum waste, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society (2014)

Materials Science Forum Vols. *** (2004) pp.63-66 online at http://scientific.net  2004 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Research on Ultra-precision Process of STAVAX ESR J.L.
Introduction Material science and technology have made remarkable progress, and the requirement for application of newly developed or improved materials to various devices have been increased rapidly.
Experimental Materials and Setups The experimental materials and setup in this study are listed in Table 2 and Table 3.
Karaki-Doy: Sensor and Materials Vol. 2 (1989), p. 385 [3] J.L.
Babu: Journal of The Electrochemical Society Vol. 146 (1999) , p. 4263.

Materials and Methods Preparation of Biosorbent.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, B135 (2006), p. 328–336
Basiru, “Removal of copper (II), iron (III) and lead (II) ions from Mono-component Simulated Waste Effluent by Adsorption on Coconut Husk, African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 4 (6) (2010), p. 382–387
Abdul-Talib, Pleurotus ostreatus spent mushroom compost as green biosorbent for nickel (II) biosorption., Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, Vol. 64 (12) (2011), p. 2425–2432
Ahmad, Equilibrium modeling and kinetic studies on the adsorption of basic dye by a low-cost adsorbent: coconut (Cocos nucifera) bunch waste., Journal of hazardous materials, Vol. 158 (1) (2008), p. 65–72.

Introduction GCr15 bearing steel hardened to HRC 50~65 is classified as difficult-to-cut materials.
Liu: Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, (2005), pp.476-483
Jain: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, (2004), pp.72-81
Liu, D.H.Wen and et al: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.129 (2002), pp.217-221
Abrao: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.143-144 (2003), pp.237-241