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A 12DOF vehicle model is developed and used in the analysis, at last the approach is validated by comparison with field test data. 2 Idealizations and assumptions 2.1 Idealization of bridge system.
To improve the efficiency of calculation, a process known as Guyan reduction is performed [16].
The road surface roughness function in the time domain can be simulated by applying the inverse fast Fourier transformation on to give [20] (6) Where is a set of independent random phase angles uniformly distributed between 0 and . is the spatial frequency, is the distance interval between successive ordinates of the surface profile, is the number of data points, is the longitudinal coordinate.
Reduction of stiffness and mass matrices.
Mechanical vibration—Road surface profiles—reporting of measured data, 1995(E)

The EEM volume changes during slurry generation are to be described using regression analysis of statistically significant parameters based on experimental data.
The predicted values have been calculated by Eq. 2 and Eq. 3, which are the regression models based on the experimental data.
Confidence intervals indicate the range of possible effect sizes compatible with the data.
Moreover, the composition of the freeze-on layer shows reduction of alloy elements in this part for both alloys.
Furthermore, reduction of standard deviation by increasing superheat indicates the significant effect of freeze-on layer on instability of the process.

Increasing the holding period of the casting in the mold from 5 seconds to 15 seconds leads to a slight reduction in the thickness of the lubricant by 15-20%, which is explained by a rapid decrease in the temperature of the molten metal being poured.
At the same time, the most significant reduction in the thickness of the lubricant by 90-95% occurs in the Gating zone, which experiences the greatest force and temperature effects [15].
In [18], data on increasing the corrosion resistance of molds at high rates of adhesive bonding of the coating with the material of forming parts by ion introduction of chromium and molybdenum ions are presented.
Data were obtained, according to which, the service life of molds for injection molding of the AK9 alloy increased by 2.8 times.
According to the data obtained, such coatings can reduce the level of micro-stresses in the surface layer, which increases the heat resistance of molds.

Before taking the experimental data of purified biogas, data of raw biogas components such as CO2, H2S and CH4 was taken.
The data were taken continuously for 30 minutes long for each operating condition.
Similar to carbon dioxide result, the highest reduction of H2S is resulted in slower biogas volumetric rate (1 lt/min) and higher water volumetric rate (15 lt/min).
A further research is required to make this method more promising and efficient as the reduction of CO2 and H2S is occurred at the early minutes of measurement.

The intermediate copper compound (Cu+) was oxidized in the melt to the Cu2+ and the reduction of copper occurred in a single stage (the only peak Cu+ on reverse curve).
During inverse sweep direction, the Fe–Ni peak splits into two peaks that relates to the reduction of nickel and iron.
Electrolysis tests data showed that products of the anodic process on similar alloys are the oxygen, CuO, Cu2O, NiO, and NiFe2O4 [13, 14].
This data agrees with the voltammetry results.
Based on the literature and new experimental data the stages of the anode process on platinum were defined (1)–(5).

As the porous properties of those compacts can be determined independently of a reference liquid quantitative contact angles can be calculated from the capillary rise data.
Finally, infrared spectroscopy was used to verify the data calculated from the contact angles.
The average pore diameter distribution derived from the mercury porosimetry data of 3 samples was 69.1 nm ± 1.2 nm.
The simultaneous reduction of the acid, respectively base, sites by these molecules is contributed to shielding by the apolar tails.
This reduction is correlated to the strength of the molecule adsorption.

The method makes use of the profile measurement data from a 3D measurement system to modify the NC machine code generated by the tool path generator software in ultra-precision grinding system.
The resultant modified profile data were used to create a template for compensating for the tool path positions in the original NC file.
The compensation was done by subtracting from the modified profile data with the NC file.
There was about 50% of profile error reduction in re-grinding with compensation.
There was about 50% of profile error reduction in re-grinding with compensation. 6.

Also, a stress range reduction factor is incorporated into the code for determination of equivalent full temperature cycles.
Based on the code, implicit fatigue design is possible by adopting the following definition of an allowable stress range, SA, with adequate margin to accommodate fatigue thermal bending loads without adverse consequences to safety [2]. )S25.0+S25.1(f=S h c A (1) where, f is stress range reduction factor which is a function of equivalent full temperature cycles, N.
However, since there were no sufficient data in case of old nuclear power plant designed by ANSI B31.1 code, the most important but bothersome efforts had to be assigned for determination of the transient set.
Table 2 Typical implicit fatigue evaluation result of RCS piping segment Allowable Thermal Expansion Stress × Stress Range Reduce Factor Stress Usage Identification Input Data Max.
Conclusions In this paper, the Class 1 piping in four representative systems of a certain old vintage nuclear power plant were evaluated and following conclusions have been derived. 1) Since there were no sufficient data of old nuclear power plant designed by ANSI B31.1 code, for alternative fatigue evaluation, specific transient sets were generated conservatively after synthesizing all the available design features. 2) Explicit fatigue analysis results as well as implicit fatigue evaluation results showed that most of components satisfy the current acceptance criterion under continued operation periods beyond the design life. 3) For a few components which did not satisfy the acceptance criterion, it is anticipated that the integrity issue will be adequately maintained during the continued operation period if more realistic operating transients are considered from on-line monitoring.

Since energy saving and emission reduction in China since 2006, annual million Yuan GDP of energy consumption reaches the first breakthrough of 4%.
However, It is still hard to avoid some carbon emissions, and we have a lot to do with Energy conservation and emission reduction. 
Look table 1: Table 1 1970 - 2025 CO2 intensity in the world's major areas[t/million] Country Historical data Predicted data Average annual 1970 1980 1990 2002 2010  2015 2020 2025 1990-2002 2002-2025 China 1970  1943  1252  605 570   500   436   375 -4.4 -2.1 India 286   312   346   324 272   242   212   185 0.4 -2.4 America 1117  917   701   571 501   459   423   393 -2.1 -1.6 Canada 1046  883   691   612 562   527   495   481 -1.7 -1.0 Japan 627   497   348   359 310   291   274   259 -1.7 -1.4 Western Europe 695   624   471   377 333   307   281   264 -1.9 -1.5 Source: the energy information administration (EIA), international energy outlook 2005(IEO2005) Based on the data for 2007，the consumption of our country is about 2,300,000,000 tons, and the emissions of CO2 from carbon-based fuels is reach to 5,43 0,000,000 tons, ranking second worldwide.

The collected data was introduced in a stiffened panel finite element model, including a welded zone.
The application of the conventional contour method is based on four consecutive steps: the cutting of the welded specimen, the shape acquisition on the relaxed surface, the data reduction and the stress computation.
Experimental data was then imported, averaged and fit to a unique smoothing surface in MATLAB.
The material of the HAZ was modelled based on a yield stress reduction of 30% when compared to the base material in the surroundings, not affected by thermal effects.