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Many authors have proposed that the difference in fatigue strength between conventionally cast and SSM formed aluminum alloys is primarily due to the number and size of defects, which is different for each forming process [5, 8, 11, 16].
grain size and finer eutectic silicon, which can also influence the fatigue behavior.
have in fact measured, for an as cast A357 SSM alloys, that crack closure increases with the grain size and the silicon particle size [21]. 5.
Grain structure was given as an possible explanation [18]. 6.

Based on the Regulation of Head of Drug and Food Control Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number Hk.03.1.23.07.11.6664 in 2011 concerning Food Packaging Control, the materials allowed for food packaging should contain of food-contact substances and food-contact materials.
The price of the global market for ilmenite concentrate depends on the grain size [5].
Considered the grain size to be an important factor during chemical treatment and the upgrading of ilmenite [6-7].
Spatial Variation in particle size and magnetite concentration on Cedar Beach: Implications for grain sorting processes, Western Lake Erie Canada.

Table 3: Ar3-temperatures of the steels based on the dilatometric measurements (°C) Grade Ref A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Ar3 840 838 817 833 800 It can be noticed that the higher Mn and lower P steel qualities lead to lower Ar3-temperatures, which might allow the use of lower finish temperatures in the rolling mill, leading to an eventual grain refinement of the final DP microstructures.
In order to avoid abnormal grain growth at the plate surface, the applied finishing temperature used in the dilatometer experiments was set at a constant level of 875°C (see FT in fig.3).
The microstructure in fig.6a consists of a ferrite matrix with embedded fractions of bainite and some pearlite (darker areas in the figure), while the application of the THR simulation cycle (fig.6b) leads to a somewhat finer microstructure of ferrite (ASTM grain size number about 9.5) with embedded (tempered) martensite islands.

suggested that in electrolytes of low content of SiC, the number of nickel ions adsorbed on SiC particles was small which resulted in the small amount of co-deposited particles [10].
The observed decrease in hardness may be attributed to the heat assisted grain growth in the deposited material which resulted in the weakening of the formed coating.
Measurement taken from the wear track suggested that the heat treatment decreased wear resistance of the deposited material, possibly due to the grain-growth dependent changes in its microstructure.
Heat treatment mechanically weakened the asdeposited coating, possibly due to heat assisted grain growth in its microstructure.

The mean grain size was calculated by the line intercept method [6].
The grain size of this system is about 4-8 µm.
With higher doping (i.e. 1 wt%), the glassy phase is segregated at the grain boundary.
Conclusion The 4PbO.B2O3 doping has a number of advantages over the non-doped 0.875PZT-0.125PMN system.

By means of SEM, detailed images of the topography and morphology of the processed alloy are obtained, on a nanometric scale, illustrating a clear picture of the microstructural changes caused by severe plastic deformation. namely: grain refinement, increase in dislocation density as well as possible surface defects.
The fracture surface of the base material shows a coarse granular structure with grains of varying sizes from a few microns to tens of microns.
The grains are separated by cracks and crevices.
Ashri - A Detailed Study on Friction Stir Welding and Friction Stir Processing–A Review Paper, International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Technology ISSN 0974-3146 Volume 4 Number 1 (2014) 1-22. http://www.gbspublisher.com

The stabilization and enhancement of the engineering properties of fine and coarse grained soil has heavily relied on reinforcement and admixture materials.
This feature of the design allows it to be utilized for many factors in a single process and can reduce the number of runs [25].
The equation N = 2k (k − 1) + C is utilized to calculate the required number of experimental runs (N), where the center point is C while k represents the number of factors.
The characteristic of the Box–Behnken design that sets it apart from other surface designs is such that it has higher efficiency where the design efficiency of one experiment is taken as the number of coefficients in the estimated model divided by the number of experiments [32].
Yetimoglu, Strength behavior of fine grained soil reinforced with randomly distributed polypropylene fibers, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 30(1) (2012) 197-203

With regards to the different extrusion conditions (showed in different colours and numbered from II to VII), the tubes extruded in the condition VII present the highest values of major strain for all tubes lengths.
It was observed that no static recrystallization phenomena take place after deformation, as it is proved by the same irregular grain distribution and grain size in the thickness shown by the bulged tube in comparison with the un-deformed one.
As expected, only in the zone of the large deformations due to the tube bulging, the grains appear stretched and distributed along a preferential direction.

A large number of experiments and simulation results show that the young's modulus of graphene is about 1TPa and its fracture strength is about 110GPa[2, 3], which is mainly attributed to the sp2 hybridized bonds connecting the carbon atoms in graphene[4].
Defects in the graphene are usually in the form of Stone-Wales defect [5-7], vacancy [8, 9], grain boundary [10, 11], dislocation and adatoms [12-14], etc.
"Topological Defects in Graphene: Dislocations and Grain Boundaries."
"Reversible Defect Engineering in Graphene Grain Boundaries."

In this regard, the task of increasing the wear resistance of these elements is fairly relevant, as evidenced by a significant number of studies on this issue [1-6].
When parts of Hadfield steel are wearing-out against rocks that have a grain hardness less than that of steel, the metal is destroyed not as a result of scratching by grains, but because of fatigue as a result of repeated elastic deformation of its surface layer.
As an abrasive medium, white electrocorundum (25A) with a grain size of 250-315 microns was used as a homogeneous highly abrasive (a = 250 mg) material with a hardness of the main component – Al2O3 (99.6 %, mass) ~2000 HV, significantly exceeding the hardness of all wear materials.