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In recent years, the composition of urban refuse has changed with rapid increasing in the total number, coming out more flammables and reclaimable wastes [3].
The physical characterizations included composition, granularity, grain fineness distribution, specific surface area and pore structure.
The granularity and grain fineness distribution of MSWI fly ashes were determined by laser particle size analyzer, which is Mstersizer 2000 produced by British MaErWen company in this study.
The leachability is an important index to evaluate the stability of the MSWI fly ash. 100 g coarse grains below 5 mm were placed into a 2 L lidded polythene bottle containing 1000 mL of distilled water.

The grains are elongated in the direction perpendicular to the one used for the crack growth analysis.
The weld affected material, stirred zone, shows dynamic recrystallized grains much smaller and equiaxal when compared to the elongated base metal microstructure.
Table 2- Crack growth tests program Condition Number of specimens Stress ratio, R Comment Base material 2 0.1 crack perpendicular to the material rolling direction FS material 2 0.1 crack in the middle of the FS material HAZ 2X 2 0.1 initial notch at the 3.8mm thick material HAZ 3X 2 0.1 initial notch at the 4.0mm thick material Macrographs of the different crack surfaces are presented in Fig. 10.
The weld affected material, stirred zone, shows dynamic recrystallized grains much smaller and equiaxal when compared to the elongated base metal microstructure.

Liu et al. [6, 7] reported structure, energy and transformations of graphene grain boundaries and their effect on failure strength.
It can be given as (2) where τ0=10-13 s is the average vibration period of atoms in solid; k is the Boltzmann constant; T is the temperature; γ=qV, where V is the activation volume and q is the coefficient of local overstress; U0 is the interatomic bond dissociation energy; ns is the number of sites available for the state transition; a and b are the material constant for NLE behaviour of graphene.
Chang, Structure, energy, and structural transformations of graphene grain boundaries from atomistic simulations.
Chang, Effects of dislocation densities and distributions on graphene grain boundary failure strengths from atomistic simulations.

The objective tier mainly includes criteria related to ET, economy, environment, society, grain, ecology and various objectives.
For example: the sustainable utilization of water resource requires a decrease in ET, but substantial decrease of ET will definitely a decrease of grain output and GDP.
All other objectives（such as grain output, social economic ET, ecological protection and remediation）can be demonstrated through constraint conditions.
According to the present conditions and demand of the development and utilization of regional water resources, a number of scenarios will be designed to address the future water challenges in Beijing.

The dense typical lamellar grains were shown in the pure sample after spark plasma sintering as seen in Fig. 3a.
As shown in Fig. 3b, e and f, the grains become large and the microstructure becomes dense simultaneously due to the vacancies of Bi.
We have noticed the phenomenon of the changes of density is similar to the Bi deficiencies in Bi2O2Se ceramics. [27] Hence, the variation also may because the softened [B2O2]2+ layers owing to the Bi vacancies promote grain-boundary sliding thus enhancing density and crystallite size during sintering.
The electric contribution κe is calculated through the Wiedemann–Franz relation: κe = LsT, where L represents the Lorenz number, which gained from matching the individual Seebeck coefficient value. [14] σ and T are electrical conductivity and working temperature, respectively.

., [19] reported that the reaction sequence starts with the formation of a transient glass phase on the surface of quartz grains.
At temperature of 1200oC, the microstructure is strongly heterogeneous and very large grains of mullite are present in the matrix.
As a whole, the presented results give a deeper insight into the structural evolution of the studied materials but also suggest some further studies directed towards a more detailed investigation of the microstructure, grain size and the overall microwave properties of the material in each particular temperature range of the thermal treatment process.
Acknowledgement This work has been partially supported by Directorate of Research and Community Service, Directorate of Higher Education, at the Department of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia under Project of International Research Collaboration and Scientific Publication, Number: 1140/D3/PL/2012 and Research Center of Far Infrared Region (FIR Center), University of Fukui, Japan under Research Fellowship Program as Visiting Professor.

Accuracy of shape dimension is derived from a number of factors such as the rigidity of the machine itself, the interaction between stiffness and machine-tool, the temperature at the incision site (i.e. dilatation effects of heat).
Each technological operation which is performed on the surface of the material causes in the surface and subsurface reconstruction of atoms, molecules and grains of the material.
(operating in the deep layers of the volume of material), II. class: tension acting in grains and crystals in small volumes, III. class: stress acting in the carbon material (dislocations, vacancies, substitutions, etc).
On cooling, the material in the lower part reduces the volume of grains, which are formed on the surface tensile stresses and below the compressive pressure.

A g was precipitated on/from the grain boundaries as well as in the grains.
The grain size of a’ was approx. 5-10 nm.
The subscript numbers i = 1, 2 and 3 refer to elements A, B and C, respectively.

Later, a modification of the alloy was developed for the manufacture of stampings and rods with a fine-grained globular-lamellar microstructure [14, 15].
Evidently from Table 4, the hardening thermal deformation of VT41 alloy with a fine-grained structure can significantly increase the fatigue strength of the material.
Experimental Assessment of VT41 Titanium Alloy Cutting Modes For a rational choice of cutting conditions for a new hard-to-machine titanium alloy VT41 [3], a number of experiments were carried out.
So, for example, for high-temperature titanium alloy VT41 with a fine-grained structure, strengthening thermal deformation can significantly increase the fatigue strength of the material.

Particle size distribution of cement powder As can be seen in Fig.5, there are many coarse grains (more than 30 µm in diameter) in the blank.
Therefore, it is confirmed that the GAP grinding aid has a good effect on suppressing the agglomeration of the cement powder after grinding and making the grain size distribution uniform.
This can be attributed to the fact that the grain size is reduced to some extent by the grinding aid, and as a result, the cement hydration reaction is promoted.
Therefore, the use of GAP as a grinding aid provides a number of economic benefits. 4.