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Indeed, the advantages of SPF/DB components and structures are well understood and recorded; for example, Kalpakjian and Schmid [2] list such advantages as: • Lower strength is required of the tooling, because of the low strength of the material at forming temperatures; hence, tooling costs are lower • Complex shapes can be formed out of one piece, with fine detail and close tolerances, with elimination of secondary operations • Weight and material savings can be realised, because of the formability of the materials • Little or no residual stress occurs in the formed part In 2008, Werner Beck [3], Head of FormTech in Germany, listed the following benefits: • Cost reduction • Better material utilisation • Weight reduction • Low assembly cost • Rapid prototyping • Reduced part number • Integral design of complex shapes • Lower die cost Given the above, SPF/DB should be the first choice of designers and not, as is often the case, the last.
The experiments both confirmed the thermal assumptions in the model and provided extra data to help refine the model further.

After speed reduction, the lower die can be rotated with an angular velocity in the range of 0-50 °/s.
Increasing the rotary speed of the die results in a reduction in the compression load but an increase in the torque load.
If the radial component of interfacial shear stress is neglected, the effective stress on the interface may be expressed as: 2 2 3 expave eff p t s += . (5) And the interfacial friction factor can be estimated by: ( )aveexp p m 3t= . (6) Thus the data in Figs 2-5 is converted into different stresses and friction factors in Figs 6-9. 4.

A correct decision about the powder suspension can offer a great reduction in the energy losses for attrition between particles and during the atomisation of the suspension, which implies in costs reduction.
Cornell: Experiments with Mixtures: Designs, Models and Analysis of Mixtures Data, 2nd ed., (Wiley, New York, USA, 1990)

Many reports have shown that carbon coating[10-12] and particle size reduction[13] could significantly enhance the electrochemical activity of LiMnPO4.
Fig.1 X-ray diffraction patterns of LiMnPO4/C synthesized with different carbon sources The XRD data has confirmed the single phase orthorhombic structure with a Pnmb space group of the LiMnPO4/C composites prepared in this work.
Among, the sample using phenol resin as carbon source had the best result, in the process of carbon coating, the reduction carbon produced not only could prevent the precursor of LiMnPO4 particle from growing, but also could stop Mn2+ from oxidating, so as to improve the synchysis degree and property of the cation.

This trend is most evident in aviation, where the reduction in complexity, size and weight of components has great benefits in terms of maintenance and fuel economy (Slater, 2011).
These data points correspond to roughly a further 4% in losses in the winding ratio, indicating a reduction in the number of turns in the winding.

This is because, if the fit of inner race of the bearing with shaft is a transition fit or the amount of interference is too small, while the bearing inner ring expansion is faster than the shaft after heat, so it’s easy to form a gap so that the inner ring can relative rotate with the spindle, thus formed dry friction cause the bearings fever quickly and seriously; much amount of interference in addition to causing assembly difficulties, but also caused the bearing assembly radial clearance reduction, increased radial load bearing, the same cause bearing fever, so too large and too small of the amount of interference are inappropriate.
According to the different data of inner and the outer ring obtained Mst and Mse.
Reduction and Compensation of Thermal Error in Machine Tools.

It is possible to relate such attributes to advantages of stones of SKTs as: - durability; - reduction of loading; - economy of materials and labor costs; - reduction of terms of construction; - low heat conductivity; - optimum vapor permeability; - good sound insulation; - environmental friendliness.
Comparison with the experimental data //Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2000, 4064, p. 362-367 [21] Vatin N.I., Gorshkov A.S., Glumov A.V., Vliyanie fiziko-tehnicheskih I geometricheskih HARAKTERISTIK shtukaturnyih pokryitiy NA vlazhnostnyiy rezhim odnorodnyih sten iz gazobetonnyih blokov [Influence of physics and technology and geometrical characteristics of plaster coverings on the moist mode of uniform walls from gas-concrete blocks].

The core method of AVC can be described as a typical online reactive power optimization problem, according the SCADA/EMS data and online reactive power optimization result, the control strategies of capacitor on/off and OLTC transformer tap regulation are obtained.
Network loss before and after optimization Network loss (MW) Network loss rate (%) Before After reduction Before After reduction 9.459 7.156 2.303 2.722% 2.079% 0.643% The bus voltages before and after optimization are shown in table 2, which indicates that most of the bus voltages appropriately rise after reactive power optimization.

Some of samples were cold rolled to obtain a 2.0mm thickness sheet (a total reduction of 85%).
From the pole figure data obtained, the orientation distribution function (ODF) was computed using the formulation of Bunge [5].
Fig. 7 shows φ2=0° section and φ2=45° section of the ODFs of β phase for both the specimens with cold rolling reduction of 85% (a, c) and with recrystallization heat treatment at 1123K for 3.6ks (b, d) in Ti-26Nb-0.5Si (a, b) and Ti-26Nb-1.0Si (c, d) alloys, respectively.
Kim et al. have been found a rotated cube component {001}<110> without showing α-fiber or texture component in Ti-Nb-Ta alloy system even though total reduction of the sample is very similar to the present alloy [7].

Table 1 Waterproof grade requirements in underground engineering Waterproof grade Requirements 1 There is no leakage and wet stains on surface 2 There is no leakage but several wet stains on surface 3 There is a small amount of leakage points 4 There is a large number of leakage points Energization gives the distorted results when through cracks arise which causes inaccurate data in chloride test.
There are scale readings at outside of water tube that can tell reduction in the amount of water.
The reduction of water is leakage of Fiber Reinforced Concrete.
Reduction of water should be recorded from water tube after 24 hours.