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This effect is apparently due to the formation of a more fine-grained structure of the growing sediment because of uniformly dispersed particles of the dispersed phase.
The introduction of large particles of micropowder compared with NP leads to uneven deformation of the matrix seizing large groups of grains and as a result to an increase in internal stresses and to a reduction in corrosive properties.
Due to the large number of boride nanoparticles involved in the process, crystallization of a mass multi-nucleus character.
Conclusions By the electrodeposition of nickel from the electrolyte-suspension, a titanium diboride nanopowder simultaneously serves as a component of the composition coating of nickel - titanium diboride and an effective modifier that provides the formation of a fine grain nonporous coating structure and high performance characteristics.

The aggregates maximum grain size has been limited to 8 mm, which resulted from the layer thickness usually applied in reprofiling.
If the rule is applied, that the maximum grain size is one third of the layer thickness, a minimum layer thickness of 25 mm can be obtained.
This was determined if the larger aggregate grains were properly carried by the cement paste and if water separated at the edge of the concrete sample.
Therefore a number of samples were investigated by REM with EDX analysis (Fig. 7 to Fig. 9).

The quaternary semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) has been considered as one of the promising candidates for low cost photovoltaic applications because of its low toxicity, optimal direct band gap (ca. 1.5 eV) and high absorption coefficient (over 104 cm-1) in the visible wavelength region.8-11 CZTS has been reported to be existed in the kesterite, stannite and wurtzite12,13 crystal structures, with the thermodynamic stability of the former being the highest.14 There has been a spate of synthetic activities related to CZTS in recent years,15-17 and a number of ways to prepare this material in the form of colloidal NCs have been developed including: hot injection;18-21 heating-up methods;22-25 solvothermal;26,27 precursor decomposition methods28,29 and hydrothermal syntheses.30,31 In this paper, CZTS NCs have been synthesized via a heating-up method due to its simple operation, low-cost and high yield.
Diffraction peaks for the samples from TAA were broader and weaker than those for the samples from S, suggesting that the grain size of kesterite CZTS NCs with TAA as the sulfur source were smaller.
The grain sizes extracted from the width of the (112) peaks of the samples by using the Scherrer formula were ~ 8 nm and ~5 nm for S and TAA respectively.
Grain size, composition and optical band gap of samples sulfur sources XRD TEM (nm) EDS Eg (eV) phase Size (nm) Cu/Zn/Sn/S Cu/Zn+Sn Cu/Zn/Sn S Kesterite 8 - 2.6/0.29/2.32/4 1/1.03 2/0.22/1.8 1.5 TAA Kesterite 5 6.8±2.1 2.2/0.83/1.16/4 1/0.89 2/0.75/1.1 1.55 DDT Wurtzite - 10.4±4.3 2.4/0.96/0.4/4 1/0.5 2/0.8/0.33 2.0 As XRD patterns alone cannot unambiguously confirm the formation of CZTS which may be indistinguishable from that of several related sulfides such as ZnS and Cu2SnS3,18 Raman spectra measurements were performed for the samples prepared from different sulfur sources for 1h.

Thus the strengthening by grain refinements can lead to an increase in shape recovery stress, superelastic stress and its temperature range.
Shear strain, γ, is given by γ = 2πrN/t, where N is the number of turns and t is the thickness of a sample.
As shown in Fig. 7(d) grains grew into submicron size when aged at 773 K.
SCE (V) Current Density (mA /cm 2) ��V���V ����V �� V �1��12�� 1� 'HDHUDW�RQ ����� ���P9� P�Q Fig. 5 Effect of shot peening (Fe-C, 0.6MPa) on voltammetric profiles. 20o 30o 40o 50o 60o 70o 80o 90 o 100o 2θ (CuKα) Intensity 1000 cps (110)B2 (220)B2 B2 B19' (100)B2 (111)B2 (211)B2 (200)B2 Fig. 6 X-ray diffraction patterns of Ti-50.2mol%Ni before and after HPT deformation. grain size, a large under cooling is required for the transformation to occur.

For instance, if the c/a ratio is less than 3 , then twinning results in dilation of the grains parallel to the basal pole or contraction of the grains transverse to the basal pole.
The c/a ratios of beryllium and magnesium are less than 3 so they twin when tension is applied parallel to the basal direction of a given grain or compression is applied transverse to the basal direction.
LANSCE is a national user facility funded by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences - Materials Science; under contract number W-7405- ENG-36 with the University of California.

Powder metallurgy can provide fine-grained microstructures that are also segregation free.
A small amount of α2 (about 1%) was observed inside γ grains and at grain boundaries, whereas the major phases were γ (63.4%) and CoAl2Ti (32.6%).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for financial support under grant numbers 2018/04564-0 and 2020/04177-6.

The initiation of damage during hot forming is determined by the local stresses at grain boundaries and interfaces.
Due to the fact that the microstructure consists of multiple phases, the recrystallized grain sizes of the phases undergoing recrystallization are considered separately.
The model is based on the evolution equation for the damage variable D, which represents the number of voids per material volume, put forward by Horstmeyer et al. [10]: (10) Coupling to microstructural features such a grain size d is possible through the explicit dependence of the evolution of the damage variable D on d as well as on the volume of potential failure sites, f.

However, due to the effect of biodeterioration, mechanical failure or weathering, there are a number of damaged columns in a building need to be repaired or reinforced.
The compressive strength perpendicular to grain is 44.8 MPa, the compressive strength parallel to grain is 64.03 MPa, the static bending strength is 115.5 MPa, and the tensile strength perpendicular to grain is 93.72 MPa.

By comparing Fig. 1(a) to Fig. 1(d), it can be observed that the grain size increases observably with MnCO3 addition while the other specimens possessed the same grain size.
The replacement of Ti4+ by Mn2+ or Mn3+cations will generate the oxygen vacancies which are favorable to the mass transport during sintering and can greatly promote the grain growth [18, 19].
The number of free electrons in the interior of the material in increased and ferroelectric order is easier to be induced [20].

There were significant differences in the cell number between the naked and coated samples after culturing for 3 and 5 days (p<0.05).
For the proliferation tests, the cells number was determined with a hemocytocounter.
From Fig.4b, it can be seen that the dense MgF2 coating, which is composed of fine grains sized in nanoscale, is covered on the surface of HF treated Mg-Zn-Zr alloy.
Meanwhile, there were significant statistical differences in the cell number between the two specimens after culturing for 3 and 5 days (p<0.05).
Moreover, there were significant statistical differences in the cell number between the two specimens after culturing for 3 and 5 days (p<0.05).