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Detailed analysis of experimental data will be published elsewhere.
The main driving force acting on the moving grain boundary is due to reduction of the boundary energy via decreasing the boundary area.
It was found that a linear relationship holds between L and a for all measured boundary segments indicating that the migrating distance a is a good measure of the boundary area reduction.

Temperature transducer Capillary die Data Acquisition Temperature transducer System Thin pads Die holder Die holder Gap Fig.1 The schematic of experimental device Experiment in the channels with the same aspect ratio The barrel temperature is set at 220℃ and 240℃ respectively, the temperature rises with identical aspect ratio of 16 are measured and represented in Fig.2.
Recently, several studies [10-11] have indicated that the reduction of melt viscosity within micro-channel becomes more significant when size of micro-channel decreases.
Therefore the shearing friction and viscous dissipation effect are weakened when the characteristic size of micro channel decreases, which contributes to the reduction of temperature rise at the same shear rate. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Apparent Sheart rate(s -1) Outlet temperature rise ( ℃ ) D=350µm,T=220℃ D=350µm,T=240℃ D=500µm,T=220℃ D=500µm,T=240℃ Fig.2 The outlet temperature rise curves of various diameters channels with the same aspect ratio Experiment in the channels with various aspect ratios The outlet temperature rises of various aspect ratios channels at different inlet temperatures are shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4.

Rogge(2010); Nordhaus, W. (2011); Zappa& Mariani(2011) Energy saving and emission reduction regulation Carbon emissions control 8 Exterior cooperation Cooperation with universities Cooperation with research institutions Cooperation with agencies Coopetition with other enterprises 9 Competition pressure Carbon-supply market competition Industry competitiveness 10 Green-tech market stato Current low-carbon market development Future technology development orientation Organizational Context.
Government promotion policies and regulations like R&D promotion policies, energy saving and emission reduction regulation, carbon emissions control are exogenous determinants for green process innovation, governmental decisions provide a future-oriented direction in a macroscopic view, enterprises on compulsions are limited by government regulations are coerced to implement green technology & process.
Associated data is collected through questionnaires sent to professionals on innovation and executives in manufacturing enterprises.

The addition of PPG and PEG 1000, 6000, 20000 resulted in reduction of compressive strength.
Therefore, it can be concluded that PEG has no effect on the reduction of microcracks.
This new phenomenon, however, cannot be explained just based on the mechanical data and microscopic observation and further analyses are needed.

It is generally believed that the driving force of film agglomeration is the reduction of interface free energy [7].
XRD analysis exhibits that Ag/Ti bilayers are highly textured at Ag(111) and Ag(222)[9,16].Tepper et al concluded that Ti film in Ag/Ti system transforms from hcp to fcc structure for the free energy reduction and (0002) texture in hcp becomes (111) in fcc.
All these data demonstrate titanium has a favorable layer growth mode.

The reduction of excess surface energy is the driving force for such change in microstructure.
As the grains, even in early stages of deformation, are relatively spherical in shape it can be assumed that long-range diffusion between different particle sizes is the primary mechanism for reduction in surface energy and the short-range mass transport between surfaces of different curvature in the same particle is not significant.
Consequently, the coarsening process in the specimens should follow the LSW theory with n=3 and as it is observed in Fig. 5 the data well undergoes the LSW equation with n=3, and the regression parameter R=0.960 which is very close to 1.

Thus, the input data for residual stress prediction, i.e. shrinkage and modulus of elasticity development, were measured experimentally.
The concrete mixture labelled as C2 was proposed with respect to reduction of residual stresses due to shrinkage.
Therefore, the C2 contains shrinkage reduction admixture and expansion admixture at the dosage of 3 % and 5 % (by weight of cement content) respectively.

Introduction Impact damage is considered the primary cause of in-service delamination in composites giving reductions of the compressive residual strength up to 60% [1-2].
On the other hand, Amaro et al [3] studied the residual flexural strength in carbon-fibre-reinforced epoxy laminates after low velocity impact and observed also a significant reduction on the flexural strength.
The method requires the local strengths (σu,i, i=I, II, III) and the critical strain energies release rates (Gic) as inputted data parameters.

., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for the statistical analysis of the data.
Comparative FTIR and Raman studies demonstrated a notable reduction of oxygen containing moieties, and loss of some monomer structures, such as unsaturation, in polymer thin film samples.
The reduction in chemical functionality was more profound in the case of films deposited at increased RF power levels, due to the increased ionisation and consequent enhanced fragmentation of the terpinen-4-ol molecule.

The ln � versus 1/T plots (�, resistivity; T, temperature) for the data on Fe2VAl become almost linear in the temperature interval 400 – 800 K, and an energy gap of approximately 0.1 eV is deduced from its slope.
A substantial reduction in the resistivity at around room temperature certainly acts in favor of the development of thermoelectric materials.
We conclude that a substantial shift of EF from the center of the pseudogap due to doping is responsible for a large enhancement in the Seebeck coefficient and for a significant reduction in the low-temperature resistivity.