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Therefore, speckle noise reduction plays a major role in InSAR processing by using interferogram filtering.
Introduction InSAR technique is a powerful tool to generate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the target area, using phase information extracted by conventional SAR image data as the input.
Conclusion This paper implemented and compared Goldstein filter, rotating kernel transformation and Lee filter for interferogram SAR noise reduction.
In general, the effect of noise reduction is better when the algorithm is more complicated led to larger computational complexity.
However, more experiments need to be developed for testing repetition times, in order to acquire optimized balance between lower computation and better noise reduction effect.

OFDM can achieve high data rates with achievable complexity.
Cipher generators at each location create high data rate "random" optical bit streams (cipher) from the specified key at the same bit rate as the data stream to be encrypted.
The optical cipher and data bits are then combined by an exclusive-OR operation at the data rate to generate the encrypted bits.
Finally, the encrypted optical data stream is transmitted to the receiving point.
In fact, the complexity of the all-optical encryption system remains relatively constant as the data rate increases, thus making the system the most attractive at the highest data rates.

Maximum Cr(VI) uptake of the biosorbent was evaluated to be 195.6 mg/g in this study (data not shown).
In this study, however there was no redox reaction between Cr(VI) and the biosorbent (data not shown).
When 1 mM of sulfate ion was added to the solution, the removal rate and amount of Cr(VI) by the biosorbent decreased significantly (data not shown).
Maximum As(V) uptake of the biosorbent was evaluated to be 62.3 mg/g in this study (data not shown).
In addition to the data of As(V) and Cr(VI), the removal behavior of Mn(VII) by the biosorbent was also examined.

The optical spectroscopy data revealed pure crystallinity and high defect concentration for the samples prepared by hydrazine-based method.
The average size (diameter) of SnO2 nanocrystals (dXRD) was estimated from the XRD data using the Scherrer formula applied to the most intense diffraction lines, i.e. (110) and (101).
According to the TEM data the shape of SnO2 particles is nearly spherical and their average diameter is about 3 nm for the samples of both types.
The obtained nanocrystal size is in agreement with the XRD data.
The presence of high quantity of chemisorbed oxygen on the surface of h-type samples is confirmed by XPS data (fig. 4).

Investigation of Carrot Reduction Effect on 4H-Silicon Carbide Epitaxial Wafers with Optimized Buffer Layer Y.
We investigated the carrot-defect reduction effect by optimizing the buffer layers of 4H-Silion Carbide(SiC) epitaxial wafers.
These data imply that the initial SiC epitaxial growth condition plays important roles in determining the dislocation-to-carrot conversion ratio and lengthening of the bunching.
Therefore, it might be the key requirement to control the initial epitaxial condition for the carrot-defects reduction.
The graph shows the thicker initial optimized condition buffer layer has the more significant carrot reduction effect.

The input data after frequency reduction processing and the local simulated code are converted into the frequency domain by means of FFT (Fast Fourier Transform).
The CL code is unmodulated by data and has a length of 767,250chips (1.5s).
（1） After frequency reduction processing, the input data that needs to be processed is greatly reduced, and a higher degree of data accuracy can be achieved, while the samples of local generated signal will be reduced.
The experimental data shows 4 satellites can be found from 20ms of data, numbers 5, 7, 15, 29.
Using the method of frequency reduction processing of the samples in software, better stability of the resulting data can be achieved, the amount of input data needed to be processed could significantly be reduced, a higher degree of data accuracy can be obtained as well.

Citation & Copyright (to be inserted by the publisher) Diagnosis and Reduction of Robot Arm Vibration for 12-inch Wafer Spin Scrubber Nohyu Kim 1 and Minsung Hong 2 1 School of Mechatronic Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education Byungchun-myun, Chunan, Chungnam 330-860, Korea (nykim@kut.ac.kr) 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University Wonchun-Dong, Suwon, Kunggi 443-749, Korea Keywords: Spin Scrubber, Vibration reduction, Robot arm, Topology optimization Abstract.
Fig. 4 shows FFT data of a vibration signal obtained in the experiment, where the vibration modes including the bending and torsional modes are well separated and recognized.
Final optimal topology obtained from OPTISHAPE after the volume constraint of 60% reduction is represented in Fig. 7, where the top view of the optimal shape is different from the original model.
Diagnosis and experimental measurement of the vibrations for the current model and the optimal models improved by the topology optimization are also conducted to investigate the effect of the shape of the robot arm on the vibration reduction.
From the experimental results for two optimal models made of different materials, the optimal shape of the robot arm developed in this study is proved to be very effective to suppress the vibration by 30% reduction in RMS value.

Pawlak, is an extension of set theory for the study of the intelligent systems characterized by uncertain, imprecise, incomplete and inconsistent data.
Preliminary Information tables are firstly defined by Pawlak for rough data representation [1].
Pawlak, Rough Sets: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Data, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1991
Luo, Data analysis based on discernibility and indiscernibility, Information Sciences 177 (2007), p. 4959–4976
Xie, Information-preserving hybrid data reduction based on fuzzy-rough techniques, Pattern Recognition Letters 27 (2006), p. 414–423

In 2000, LLE dimension reduction method was put forward for nonlinear reduction on Science by Roweis [3].
Punctured Sphere simulation data set is simulated by PCA and LTSA algorithm based on Matlab.
Fig. 1a is punctured sphere data set, which is a data set with a hollow ball shape.
Fig. 3a is PCA feature extraction that different sample data are overlapping and mixed relatively, so it do not extract low dimensional manifold of the sample data.Clustering feature and inner structure are shown for the same kind sample data in Fig.3b.
Fig.4 Diagram of diesel engine wear fault recognition rate Conclusions It is concluded that LTSA feature extraction method is researched for vibration data reduction.

The data obtained showed that the inclusion of PET aggregate reduce the strength performances of concrete.
All the data obtained were combined into one single graph to develop a preliminary mix design nomograph for PET concrete.
The modulus of elasticity is calculated based on data of strain stress recorded experimentally.
Meanwhile, the reduction of MOE ranging from 13.69% to 67.74%.
While others is developed by referred to best line fit to all data plotted into the nomograph.