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However the number of applications of Mg alloy sheets to structural components is still small.
To take into account the effect of difference in a grain size (20mm and 100 mm for rolled and cast sheets, respectively), we also assume that the Hall-Petch law is applicable to the critical resolved shear stress, i.e. t0 in eq. is adjusted using the Hall-Petch law [18].
Ohori, Grain refinement of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets fabricated by rolled and heat treated twin roll cast plate, Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals, 58 (2008), pp.22-26.

A literature research could identify a number of 3 concurrent research directions for reducing stiffness of titanium alloys, i.e.: - Fabrication of porous Ti alloys, where stiffness is reduced to any desired values by increasing the proportions of pores, so open-cell or closed-cell metallic foams are obtained, depending on fabrication route.
State-of-the-Art in Titanium-Based Bulk Metallic Glasses Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) on titanium base represent attractive materials for implant applications, since they have some very important key features: - High strength and hardness that could provide good load bearing capability and high wear resistance to orthopedic and dental implants; - Lower Young's modulus will result in better load transfer to the surrounding bone, which reduces the stress-shielding effect; - The excellent corrosion resistance of titanium alloys is enhanced by amorphous structure, without grain limits and other structural non-homogeneities, which minimizes ion release in the human body; - They could have excellent formability by deformation, allowing fabrication of implants with very precise and versatile geometries, within the temperature range between glass transition point Tg and crystallization point Tx; - Titanium-based bulk metallic glasses can support in vitro cell adhesion and growth of living
As seen in figure 5, crystalline microstructure is very fine, with grains only few tens of interatomic distances in size.

Such is the case of Friend [7], who investigated the incorporation of whey to classical fermentation of grains; Oda also [8] investigated the combination of molasses and whey for the production of bioethanol.
Operative conditions of the main equipment Design parameter V-101 CSTR-100 CSTR-101 CSTR-102 T-100 T-102 T [ºC] 106.4 140 40 37 25-31 90-110 P [kPa] 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 101.3 Number of plates 10 10 The current "To Absorption Tower 2" coming out of the Fermenter reactor “CSTR-102”, consisting of a dilute solution of ethanol with traces of other compounds, was treated in the Absorption Column (T-102) designed in 10 stages, with the aim of removing water, yielding the ethanol (stream "Bioethanol") from the top of the column.
Shahani, Industrial alcohol production via whey and grain fermentation, Agricultural Waste. 4 (1982) 55-63

Wang et al discovered that with the increase of sputtering power, the grain size of the films got larger and the crystallization became better [12].
(1) where TC(hkl) is the texture coefficient of the (hkl) plane, I(hkl) the measured intensity of (hkl) plane, I0(hkl) the corresponding recorded intensity in JCPDS data file and N the number of preferred directions of the growth.
It is clear that ATO films show good crystalline when deposited at high temperature of 550 oC and the grain size decreases with the increasing of laser energy density.

HZ8 The high tolenrance (4.0 mmol·L-1Pb, 5.0mmol·L-1 Zn) HZ9 Intolerance A group of same grain size and well-developed seeds of Trifolium repens and Crotalaria mucronats were carefully selcted.Firstly,disinfecting them with 75% alcohol for 30 s,and then with 0.1% HgCl2 for 3 min,washing them with distilled water for three times.The seeds were put into the Petri dish in which were added the mother liquor dose, which is 0.1 g•L-1 of ZnSO4•7H2O,and Pb (C2H3O2)•3H2O in order to design the media which contains different lead-zinc concentrations.The concentration is shown in Table 2.One hundred grain of seeds were put in the different Petri dishes respectively and cultured in the incubator with 23-25 ˚C.Each treatment was done 3 times.The germination of seeds were determinated after three days.
Each treatment was done 3 replications.The root length,stem height, chlorophyll content, nodule numbers, nodule nitrogenase activity rates and other relevant datas of seedlings were determinated after 45 days.

Yang et al. have studied the ISSW between tool steel and structural steel subjected salt bath cyclic quenching, and concluded that the finer the grain is, the easier the ISSW is [6].
As mentioned above, very fine and non-stable microstructure formed on the surface of 40Cr steel after laser quenching, which caused a number of grain boundaries, dislocations and vacancies.

On the one hand, it is related with the roughness and crystal grain size of the friction surface.
The NiCrAlY coating was smooth and its crystal grain was smaller than the substrate.
In the early stage of oxidation, a large number of oxide nuclei rapidly coalesced to form a thin oxide layer.

The grain sizes of all films were calculated according to the Scherrer’s equation using all SiC Bragg peaks, and the grain sizes of the SiC films are 6.2 nm, 9.2 nm and 11.0 nm, respectively, with deposition temperature of 700, 800 and 900 °C.
Although the great number of synthetic peaks used may appear to be difficult for interpretation, they fit very well with the literature data for similar systems.

During the heating process, therefore, the samples underwent a reaction sintering where new phases form and the constituting particles unite and form bonds, develop grains and grain boundaries, and crystallizing [10].
Acknowledgements Gratitude are to the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia through LPPM ITS who has partially funded this research through the EPI-Unet program under the contract number 013674.36/IT2.7/PN.01.01/2013 given to SP.

., dislocation, grain boundary.
(c), Local strain tensor proposed by Zimmerman [14] When information about the position of each atom in a crystal lattice is readily available, one can define the following tensor for atom l: , (3) , (4) , (5) where the quantity N refers to the number of nearest neighbors, ril is the current coordinate, i runs over x, y, z, d0 is the equilibrium distance between atom l and its neighbor k.
Ma, In Situ Observation of Dislocation Behavior in Nanometer Grains, Phys.