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We calculated it with experiments data with the equation X’ = v/P
The tetragonal alumina should be a reduction phase or metastable phase during sintering of alumina.
N2 is a reduction atmosphere which induced the tetragonal alumina and resulted in a black cutting phase.

For the ferrous mordant, the increased lightness (L*) did not result in a reduction of color strength, but was consistent with a markedly changed hue (ho).
Reflectance was increased in the red and yellow bands and reduced in the green and blue bands, which resulted in reduction of total reflectance and increased a*, b* lightness value and K/S value at lmax.
Table 3 Colorimetric data for samples before and after washing Sample L* a* b* C* ho λmax FeSO4, 1/6 depth Non-washed 51.99 3.41 4.79 5.88 54.60 400 Washed 56.23 5.80 12.55 13.83 65.21 400 CuSO4, 1/6 depth Non-washed 48.67 11.57 23.04 25.78 63.35 400 Washed 44.39 13.36 24.43 27.84 61.32 400 KAl(SO4)2, 1/12 depth Non-washed 62.60 9.42 19.95 22.06 64.72 400 Washed 56.60 11.50 21.66 24.52 62.04 400 Fig. 5 Colour strength of dyed samples before and after washing Conclusions Using the post-mordanting method to dye silk with TP combined with metal salts such as iron, copper and aluminum gave a good color build-up property.

From the data shown in graphs and analyses before, we can conclude that SDS remains more in solution than rhamnolipid, thus, it may be more effective than rhamnolipid to reduce diesel oil in soil.
This author suggested that surfactants with bulky molecular structure often leads to a change in micelle shape and size thus, causes micelle instability and reduction of detergency, which is used to quantify surfactant foaming ability.
The reduction of interfacial tension indicates the ability of surfactants to remove diesel oil from soil and the surfactant sorption to soil indicates the amount of surfactant loss in the soil sample, and such loss might reduce its effectiveness in removing diesel oil from a contaminated soil.

Some reduction in tensile strength and obvious increase in DBTT occurred at temperature above 450°C.
Tensile and Charpy impact properties of a 16MND5 forging steel before and after aging at 500°C for up to 5000 h have been investigated in this study in order to clarify the evolution of mechanical behavior and provide data support for the safe operation of nuclear power.
The capability of plastic deformation decreases as well, leading to a reduction of upper shelf energy and an increase in DBTT.

Thermal conductivity was done using absolute axial heat flow method and the data from the test was used to calculate the thermal conductivity using Eq. 1.
The reduction of material ductility was a result of filler concentration that led to improving material rigidity.
The similar reason was reported by Supri and Lim who found the elongation at break of polymer has reduced after added with filler due to the reduction of ductility behavoiur of the composites [10].

Analysis on resistive switching of resistive random access memory using visualization technique of data storage area with secondary electron image Kentaro Kinoshita1,2,a, Tatsuya Makino1, Takatoshi Yoda1, Kazufumi Dobashi1, and Satoru Kishida1,2FULL First Author1, a, FULL Second Author2,b and Last Author3,c,b 1 Department of Information and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan. 2 Tottori University Electronic Display Research Center, 522-2 Koyama-Kita, Tottori 680-0941, Japan.
They reported that Fermi energy in CoO is pushed up because of reduction of CoO which causes defect-related energy levels in the band gap.

Exemplary data illustrate its operational capabilities in transient vibration measurement and non-destructive testing.
Full-field data were captured from 0 to 109 ms comprising 65536 samples for the 12 by 12 array.
The full data record on the other hand provides a comprehensive representation of the plate dynamics as the excitation approaches and passes through the various resonant modes of the plate.
For point scanning sensors this approach would further compound the already lengthy data acquisition process.
These data indicate potential damage due to disbond or delamination of the underlying composite structure and would typically warrant further inspection.

The paper describes new methods for investigating the pore structure in virtual concrete and presents some data on pure cement and blended cement.
Moreover, assessment of porosity and pore size distribution is accomplished by filling up pores by spheres of increasing size starting from a given point, which leads to biased pore size distribution data [19].
Fig. 8 presents data on the depercolation process that a particular cement paste (Blaine number 157, w/c=0.3) undergoes during hydration.
Successively, assessment of pore characteristics in 3D virtual hydrated paste are investigated by DRMTS approach in which randomized data structures are built incrementally in two stages.
Fig. 14 shows the pore size distribution data obtained by application of the star volume method.

ABSTRACT - Research with emphasis on substitution of energy sources used in worldwide for renewable energy undoubtedly indicates that the use of biodiesel would be an option to increase the income in rural areas, reduction in oil derivatives spending and also new opportunities for job creation.
The theoretical density used was (ρ) of 5.361 g/cm3 for Ni-Zn ferrite, obtained according to the crystallographic application JCPDF 08-0278 data packet of Shimadzu program.
It was also observed that this tendency temperature rise due to the increase of Cu2+, was accompanied by a reduction in the time of combustion flame, which was 123 and 47 s, respectively.
The presented data show that the highest value of specific surface area of 48.89 m2g-1, was obtained to the sample Ni0,5Zn0,5Fe2O4 over the lower surface area value of the sample Ni0,1Cu0,4Zn0,5Fe2O4, which was 18.06 m2g-1.
Overall, the results indicate that there was an approximately 37% reduction in specific surface area for the sample with Cu2+ addition, leading to an increase in particle size and a decrease in pore volume.

Based on the experimental data, the liquidus temperatures of the slags were evaluated using the second derivatives of the activation energies for viscous flow with respect to temperature.
In recent years, a new process named “direct reduction - electric furnace melting” has been developed for utilizing the titanomagnetite concentrates.
The present objective was to create a data base for the viscosity of high titanium slag with low basicity, so that a suitable viscosity model can be formulated in order to optimize the titanium slag with a wide range of temperature and slag chemistry.
Based on the experimental data, the liquidus temperatures of the slags were evaluated using the second derivatives of the activation energies for viscous flow with respect to temperature.