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The grain structures of the hot bands were observed by optical microscopy (OM).
The grain size, precipitate size and distribution and the residual solute content were identified as important hot band parameters, influencing the recrystallization behavior of IF steels [8,9].
Steel TI-1, TI-2 and TI-3 had a similar hot band grain size, about 21 µm, 24 µm and 23 µm respectively, so the precipitate size and distribution and the residual solute content were expected to be responsible for the differences in the recrystallization behavior of the three steels.
N(R)dR is the number per unit volume of centers with typical size between R and R+dR.

In connection with the peculiar microstructures, the NiTi shape memory alloy (NiTi SMA) offers excellent properties, such as large output, superior shape memory characteristics and higher yield stress for plastic deformation, which make it very attractive for a number of new applications [1].
It has been found in the foregone researches that there are inevitable defects in large-areaed NiTi SMA thin film deposited on PZT substrate, such as inhomogeneous component distribution, local crystal defect and grain-oriented column structure [5].
Fig. 6 shows the cross section images of the prepared composite samples with different physical dimension L fixed M=1mm.Through observation and comparison of the images showing in Fig. 6, it is found that the shape of the crystal grains in NiTi SMA thin film appears an equilateral polygonal geometry in L=2 mm, and that with creasing physical dimension L, the shape of the crystal grains losses gradually equilateral polygonal geometry and becomes complete oriented columnar in the L=5mm.

Because of the two reasons, the RFID promises fine-grained tracking of inventory on an unprecedented scale.
In Program I, the tag tries to send the authentication message without the random number to the reader, and the random number is generated by the tag, so it can not against replay attack.
But in our scheme, the key was computed by two random numbers and EPC, and the number is generated by the tag and the reader respectively .
We can find that the number of values initial stored in the tag and the server is not more than the other two protocols.
And in our scheme just two random numbers is generated in each session while the others generate three numbers and six numbers respectively.

It is shown from Fig.4 how that amount of solubility of Fe in Al changes by (a) the number of rotation of roll and (b) the cooling rate.
It is found from Fig.5 that the peaks of quasi-crystal decreases with increasing the number of rotation of roll.
Fig.5 Changes in X-ray diffraction patterns of 1000ppm iron content aluminum for three different number of rotation of roll.
The specimens for hardness test were spun at the constant 1500rpm in order to avoid the influence of grain refinement strengthening by changing the number of rotation of roll.
And the amount of solid solution hardening is 0.8Hv per 1ppm Fe dissolution when the number of rotation of roll is 1500rpm. 4.

Rare-earth elements substitute for Sc in these precipitates, leading to a higher number density of smaller precipitates, which have a greater lattice-parameter mismatch with Al than in the Al-Sc binary microalloy.
Also, a coarse-grained (≈1 mm grain diameter) structure forms after conventionally casting Al-Sc microalloys, within the maximum solid-solubility (0.23 at.% Sc at the eutectic temperature), and a high temperature homogenization within the singlephase α-Al region.

Function of chemical composition of alloy, after a variable number of cycles it was found the micro-cracks appearance that generates crack and finally the break of samples.
The mechanism of defects accumulation due to thermal fatigue in the crystalline network and inside the grain leads to create the local tensioned areas which can create crack primer.
The cracks due to thermal cycles and their increase is due to network tensioning by blocking of dislocation which are moving inside the grain matrix, especially, due to the tensions which appear or mechanical, or thermo-mechanical.

Using such techniques it is shown that such models are tractable for modest values of the Lewis number (ratio of thermal to solutal diffusivities).
Remnants of these dendritic microstructures often survive subsequent processing operations, such as rolling and forging, and the length scales established by the dendrite can influence not only the final grain size but also micro- and hence macro-segregation patterns.
The use of PARAMESH imposes a number of constraints upon our choice of finite difference stencil.
Consequently, validation against directly comparable data set is only possible over a relatively limited range of Lewis numbers, typically Le » 40.
In 2-dimensions solutions for Lewis number of O(10,000), which is physically realistic for most liquid metals, can be routinely undertaken using serial execution [[] J.

Data on the coercivity variation with a nonmagnetic spacer thickness and a number of magnetic layers in the trilayer films are reported.
Neel, Remarques sur la theorie des proprietes magnetiques des couches minces et des grains fins, J.

The energy gap (Eg) of CuInSi nanocomposite film was calculated based on the following equation[11]： (2) where A is a proportionality constant, h is the Planck constant and n is a number which characterizes the transition process, n=1/2, 2, 3/2 or 3 for allowed direct, allowed indirect, forbidden direct or forbidden indirect transitions, respectively.
The small grains on the surface of CuInSi nanocomposite film could be seen.
The surface topography of as-deposited layer is not uniform and the grain size is a few hundred angstroms.

SOA is an architectural model, which can carry out distributed deployment, composition and use for the loose coupled coarse-grained application components through the network.
Several key features of SOA include: a coarse-grain, loose coupling services architecture, between services through simple, precisely defined adapter communicate, does not involve low-level programming adapter and communication models.
E-commerce systems can be divided into several sub-systems, and each subsystem uses the subsystem session Bean to encapsulate a number of related EJB components together.