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Such damages, especially delamination, can cause significant reductions in the compressive strength of laminates and influence the reliability of structures.
A drop weight tester which owned the function of real-time collecting data [10] was used in this study for conducting impact tests.
This delamination process was accompanied by a rapid reduction of the force to the rest value Fr (point B) due to reduction in the transverse stiffness of the laminate.

An important issue in case of risk analysis of highway networks in urban areas with high built-up density is the reduction of traffic flow or the blockage of roads due to debris of collapsed bridges and consequently the prevention of rescue and restoration activities.
Post-disaster recovery activities include consideration of the long-term issues, such as restoration of the transportation network to its original level of functionality and reduction of the socioeconomic impact due to damage to the system.
Based on the damage assessment of bridges and the traffic data, it is possible to estimate the serviceability of the network for a certain seismic scenario and to develop efficient emergency response and recovery planning.
The estimation of direct losses is usually based on the repair or replacement cost of the damaged element while indirect losses is closely connected with reduction of production and other economic and social impacts.

Next, this alloy was hot rolled in the temperature interval 380-320oC with a total reduction of ~70%.
Increasing temperature or decreasing strain rate leads to a reduction in the strain-hardening coefficient and a shift of the peak stress to a higher strain.
Increasing strain rate leads to a reduction in ductility at these temperatures (Fig. 2(b,c)).
At 250oC, no decrease in elongation-to-failure with decreasing strain rate was found due to the fact that experimental data at < 2.8´10-3 s-1 were omitted from the present work.

From the above experiments, both ratios appear better sugar reduction rate.
Nevertheless, the sugar production at the third hour and the ratio 1:3 could not be obtained, the effects of different ratios of bacterial solution-to-Bagasse broth on sugar reduction and the change of sugar production at two hour should be further discussed.
When the ratio of bacterial solution-to-Bagasse broth is 1:6, the sugar production is stably increased, comparing to other groups, and the reduced sugar achieves the maximum at the third hour, with the sugar reduction rate 13.77％ and the increasing sugar 0.034 mg/ml.
According to the experimental data, the ratio 1:6 for the bacterial solution-to-Bagasse broth and the cultivation period being 3 hours appear the maximum sugar production rate.

Unexpectedly A356 T6 anodized achieves a significant reduction in friction coefficient values and improves the material wear resistance under lubricated conditions compared with A6061 T6 anodized (Fig 4 a).
The shape of the polarization curves is similar too: a plateau on the cathodic branch controlling the corrosion process may be associated with an oxygen reduction mechanism.
Parameters obtained from impedance data for tested specimens The corrosion resistance is relative to the Rp value: A6061 T6 Rp > A356 T6 Rp.
Anodizing A356 T6 aluminium alloy achieves a significant reduction in friction coefficient values and improves the material wear resistance under lubricate conditions.

The need for cost reduction due to the high price of scandium has led to the development of dilute Al-Sc alloys.
Such networks (Fig. 2) are three-dimensional and are believed to result from a reduction in elastic strain energy caused by the reduction in the lattice misfit [21].
The comments on coherency were correlated to the average radius data reported elsewhere [22].

Thus, rolling with deformation finish in this area which ensure significant size reduction of steel structure leads to rise of impact toughness, decrease of fragility critical temperature and a small strength increase.
Hot rolling in ferrite-pearlite area causes a sharp rise of grain oblongness without appreciable size reduction.
Pole density P(hkl) of different texture components depending on TFR (inverse pole figures method) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 500 600 700 800 900 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 500 600 700 800 900 0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 500 600 700 800 900 0 1 2 3 4 d |||| |||| / d⊥⊥⊥⊥ 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 TFR, °°°°C TFR, °°°°C TFR, °°°°C Steel 1 Steel 3 Steel 2 d, µµµµm 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 500 600 700 800 900 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 500 600 700 800 900 ∆∆∆∆а/а ⋅⋅⋅⋅10-4 1 3 2 D, µµµµm 1 3 2 TFR, °°°°C TFR, °°°°C 0 1 2 3 4 5 500 600 700 800 900 222 200 112 310 220 0 1 2 3 4 5 500 600 700 800 900 220 310 112 200 222 0 1 2 3 4 5 500 600 700 800 900 220 310 112 200 222 Phkl TFR, °°°°C TFR, °°°°C TFR, °°°°C Steel 1 Steel 2 Steel 3 reduction to controlled rolling mode (730-700 0С): it is insignificant in low-alloy steel, in alloyed steels more steeply (P(100)=2.8-3.8
For manufacturing of straight-seam big diameter pipes for which the data on mechanical tests in transverse direction is important, hot rolling is better be finished within twophase area (ТFR = 730-750 0С).

Figure 2 present the process cycle and the evolution of temperature, load, shrinkage rate and relative density of the sample versus time based on the measured data.
This reduction was mainly due to the use of a higher heating rate used during the second step and due to water quenching of the sample instead of a constant cooling and releasing pressure step.
Further reduction of the process time can be achieved by eliminating the vacuum creation step and by further increasing the heating rate.
Cullen, Assessing the potential of yield improvements, through process scrap reduction, for energy and CO2 abatement in the steel and aluminium sectors, Resour.

However, the more compact internal microstructure and lower permeability in HSC could probably lead to the reduction of fire resistance[1].
It is well known that the severe damage to concrete caused by high temperatures should be loss in macro-mechanical properties, as presented by experimental data[11-13] that considerable loss in compressive strength occurs between 400 and 600°C, and much more serious loss above 600°C.
It is also shown in Figs.3 that the tendency of the reduction in compressive strength became steady, mainly as low as 35% and 17%, after being subjected to high temperature 700℃, 900℃respectively.
The initiation and growth of every new crack will be the available load-carrying area and this reduction causes an increase in stresses at critical crack tips.

Then using the sample data of some feature points on the mining sequence, it has revealed the temporal effect characteristics on soil physical and chemical properties and ecological environment caused by coal mining subsidence, and further put forward some countermeasures for control and remediation.
Soil bulk density went through a process of gradual recovery after the first reduction in the uniform subsidence region, the changes of the disturbance degree of coal mining is the main reason.
The damage characteristics of soil moisture content also exist obvious partitioning feature, soil moisture content basically recover to pre-mining state due to the closure of dynamic ground fissures and the stable subsidence of the goaf after a rainy season and ice period, which shows certain “self-healing” capabilities next spring in the uniform subsidence region(USR), soil moisture content is always in low in the differential subsidence region(DSR), ground fissures become a major factor which leads to the reduction of soil moisture content in the coal mining subsidence area.
The reason may be as follows: soil erosion affects the decomposition, leaching and deposition of organic matter and minerals, the changes of microbes living environment has led to reduction of humus and this process has certain continuity, the length of effects on soil chemical properties made by mining is relatively large, which needs to be supplemented by artificial restoration, such as the restoration of ground fissures to block the drain channel and so on.