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With the number of hops increasing, the errorsof average hop distanceare increased.
Assume that the number of simulations is 1000.The nodes are randomly distributed in an area (100m×100m).
N is the number of unknown nodes.
Finally, the WD-DVHOP is simulated separately from the anchor node proportion, the nodes number and the communication radius.
References [1] Savvides.A, Han.C.C and Srivastava M.B:Dynamic fine-grained localization in ad-hoc networks of sensors.In Proceedings of MOBICOM.Forum Vol. 01(2001) [2] NICULESCUD, NATHB: Ad-Hoc positioning system (APS).

In this region, the higher stress level the greater number of the test specimens show subsurface initiation of fatigue cracks; a similar fracture pattern is typical of the monotonically stretched specimens.
A number of investigations showed the position of the bifurcation zone Dqw2 to shift drastically because of the changed influence of the aggressive environment [15, 16].
(Here, we do not discuss metal defects or the grain boundary and phase boundary discontinuities.)
Such a fracture pattern showed itself in the case that the crack just initiated subsequently propagated throughout the group of grains, probably, close in their crystallographic orientation.
Around such an inclusion, a fine-grained structure forms in the area known as fine-granular area (FGA) and defined metallographically as the optically dark area (ODA) [1].

Nanomaterial concrete is new generation concrete formed of materials of the grain size of nanoscale.
Despite the fact that there is already a number of available definitions, no practical and unambiguous definition of nanomaterials exists.
This definition describes nanomaterials as natural, incidental or manufactured materials containing particles in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an agglomerate, where 50% or more of the particles in the number size distribution or one or more external dimensions is in the size range of 1-100 nm [5].

There are a number of different raw materials, such as kaolin [16], rice husk [14, 19], sepiolite [17, 20], silicates [21-22] used as a silica source for the production of Si3N4 powder.
The schematic representation of the grain model for the carbothermal reduction-nitriding of silica with solid carbon at temperature between 1300-1500ºC Any of those steps can be rate controlling factors.
Grain model can be suitable for reactions with porous materials.
SEM micrograph of the powder It is observed that during the CRN process, several other processes are occurred simultaneously and there are large number of variables such as chemical composition of starting materials, carbon content of the mixture, nitrogen flow rate, carbon monoxide content, particle size, reaction temperature and reaction time of which effects both the reduction nitriding and kinetics of the CRN process.

Tertiary sandstone and mudstone red layer ( N2 ): brown, pale yellow, medium-fine grained sandstone interbedded with red green gray mudstone, located at both sides of the river mouth alluvial fan, formed into piedmont relatively flat platform.
Table 1　The outcropping granite along the route Stake umber Stratigraphic lithology Lithology Rock mass characteristics K5+000~ K8+400 Low-grade metamorphic granite Gray shallow metamorphic granite, metamorphic quartz leptynite and medium - coarse granular at local section 2~3 sets of joints: 300°~325°/∠60°~80°,200°~263°/∠80° ~85°,290°~300°/∠20°~30°,Block structure K8+400~ K11+700 Migmatite mainly is composed of of biotite monzonite gneiss, quartz schist, biotite schist, slate, diabase veins and pegmatite dikes, intestinal -like structure at K8+400 3 sets of joints: 335°~350°/∠63°~77°,50°~ 75°/∠55°~80°, 175°~230°/∠13°~25°, block, Sub - block structure K11+700~ K32+988 Granite Brown, red meat , fine grained or porphyritic texture, pegmatite and quartz vein is visible. 3 sets of joints: 290°~330°/∠75°~77°,44°~65°/∠57°~74°,260°~290°/∠17°~25°, Sub–block, Fractured structure Table 2　Parameters list of the granite Ithology Degree of weathering Bulk density /g·cm-3 Pressive strength
Table 4　The ranked slope stability by the Ministry of Railways Stable（Ⅰ） Basically stable (Ⅱ) Unstable (Ⅲ) Time Excavation - the operational stability may be unstable when operation Instability after the excavation Failure mode Stable and no damage, spalling, chip off-falling individually, a small amount of crumbling Basically stable, without significant disruption, crumbling, a small amount of chip off-falling,local slumping, Large-scale slump Bedding slump, tilt, collapse Engineering measures Directly excavation Sprayed anchor, pointing , grouting, embedded in fill , Protection of slopes, and local support retaining all ,opencut tunnel, anchor piles , change the line Table 5　Maximum recording flood level along the route Number A-A' B-B' C-C' D-D' Stake number along the route K5+100 K8+280 K12+070 K26+410 Riverbed width /m 42 11.5 4 32 Flood level above the riverbed height /m 1.6 5.0 13.0 1.0 In addition, the requirements for flood control at road embankment along the river of

The system is decomposed in parts; then, both number of parts and number of cross-dependencies between them are minimized.
The coarse-grained structure of constructional mixtures and materials is mainly forming under influence of gravity; this level commonly referred as macrostructure.
The structure of fine-grained part (binder, water and fine filler in case of cement composites; binder and fine filler in case of materials with polymer, bitumen and sulfur matrices) evolved under influence of forces caused by surface effects and surface energies.

S is the total number of types described.
nj is the number of strains belonging to the jth type Results and Discussion The 16S rRNA gene which was approximately 1.5 kb was amplified from genomic DNA of the 12 Lactobacillus strains and five type strains.
Ventura et al. [14] and Delfederico et al. [13] had also reported that ARDRA analysis was able to differentiate the Lactobacillus isolates from kefir grains, intestine and vagina up to species level.
Semorile, Molecular identification and typing of lactobacilli isolated from kefir grains, J.

It may also be generated by the grain boundaries in the materials and is randomly distributed in time.
The ultrasonic echoes from grain boundaries and other microstructural inhomogeneities in the material cause major difficulties in detection of small cracks, flaws and other metallurgical defect [4].
The optimal parameters p ,µ, and the number of tap-delay input signal were found to be 0.9, 0.001, and 30, respectively.
Other parameters of the LMS-based Morlet filter includingu , p and the number of the tap-delay input signal were 0.001, 0.9 and 30.

This way of emitting the waves only facilitates the penetration of the waves if they are oriented as the grain of the wood.
In the case of the mentioned system, the microwaves are transmitted with circular polarization and therefore come out through the whole surface of the antenna acting on a larger surface, penetrating the wood regardless to the direction of the grain.
The microscopic identification of the Southern Yellow Pine was done by analyzing a number of samples under the optical microscope, with the collaboration of Nicola Macchioni, researcher at CNR-IVALSA, Italy.
Application of the microwave treatment on a timber lintel Results and conclusions The described pilot experiment proved that the proper study, knowledge and diagnosis of a historic timber structure make it possible not only to eliminate the original causes of the damages rather than just fixing the symptoms, but also to reduce the number of treatment.

In time-of-flight instruments, different wavelengths of a pulsed “white” beam of neutrons incident on the residual stressed sample diffract in different grain families and reach the neutron detectors at different times and angles in relation to the incident beam, which correlate to the lattice parameters of these grains based on Bragg`s law.
This feature could be caused by a combination of errors, including the “stress-free” lattice parameter, the elastic constants, the volume fraction of each phase, any texture possibly present in the sample, and/or the strain uncertainties associated with the strains allied to the small number of points measured.
In the case presented, since one RS component shows an overall positive balance and the others show the opposite, the dominant source of error is more likely to be either the high strain uncertainties amplified by the small number of points measured or a possible texture effect, since the other sources would shift all RS components in the same direction.