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The principal cause of deterioration of many concrete structures is due to corrosion reinforcement because of the presence of chloride or/and sulfate [5-7].
Xiao et All, indicated that the key of limiting the conjoint chloride and sulfate attack is to enhance the densification of the concrete and block the connectivity of pore structure and microcrack [8].
During this investigation, we used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor the corrosion of the reinforced concrete structure.
Yang et al. reported that the penetration of sulfate into concrete reacts with the C-S-H to form gypsum and ettringite crystals which fill the pore structure [18].
Touhami, “The Individual and Combined Effect of Olive Stone Biomass Ash with Coal Fly Ash on the Durability of Water Treatment Tank Concrete Exposed to Ferric Chloride,” Chemistry Africa, pp. 1–18, 2022

Arco1,2,c 1Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 2Natural Sciences Research Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Email addresses: aprinz_jr21@yahoo.com, bmonicaberenguel@gmail.com, csdrarco@yahoo.com Keywords: RAFT, hyperbranched-star copolymers, methacrylic acid, ethylene glycol, dual responsive Abstact.
Structure Characterization, pH and Temperature Response Analysis and Cytotoxicity Assay.Structure characterization were conducted using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques while molecular weight and polydispersity indices were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography.
Based on figure 1, the 1H-NMR data are in good agreement with the polymeric structures.
For P(MAA-co-EGDMA)-b-PPEGMA (figure 1), effective addition of PEGMA in the structure was confirmed by the large peak at 3.5 ppm which is attributed to the repeating ethylene glycol moieties in its structure.

Zr incorporation improved band structure and reduced charge recombination, boosting efficiency [9-14].
Together, the porous morphology, active sites, and modified band structure supported the catalyst's effectiveness [8;12-20] Fig. 2.
The porous structure provides active sites, enhances charge separation, and improves photocatalytic efficiency [13-17].
[3] Li, R., Ma, W., Feng, Y., Zhang, M., Zhang, H., & Wang, J. (2025).Food Chemistry, 465, 142022
Journal of Molecular Structure, 1323, 140725

This paper brings together a detailed physical and electrical analysis of titanium (Ti) based metal/4H-SiC structures for the purpose of establishing a repeatable process for the formation of robust (high temperature) low-resistance ohmic contacts.
Low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) in conjunction with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used to deposit 1 μm of amorphous SiO2 as a mask layer above the SiC die. 800 nm of SiC was subsequently etched using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) tool70nm) along with SF6 and O2 chemistry.
The remaining SiO2 was stripped in HF and re-deposited (1 μm) for passivation and active area definition in the form of transmission line model (TLM) structures.
An electrical analysis pointed to lower specific contact resistance measurements being realized on metal structures where Ti was deposited as the first metal layer.
Ikuhara, "Terraces at ohmic contact in SiC electronics: Structure and electronic states," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 111, Jun 2012

The static instrument structure not only reduced the instrumental size and weight, but also increased the systematic stability and reliability.
After removing the photoresist, one step structure was obtained.
In this way, we can get the structure of the second micro step mirror array.
Pierangelo, Static Fourier transform spectroscopy breadboards for atmospheric chemistry and climate, Proc. of SPIE, 7100 (2008) 710019
Coarer, Design of a compact static Fourier transform spectrometer in integrated optics based on a leaky loop structure, Opt.

Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia 2 Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7/2, 117312 Moscow, Russia 3 Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, v.v.i., 25608 Husinec – Řež, Czech Republic 4 Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ovocný trh 5 116 36 Praha 1, Czech Republic 5 Laboratoire de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, UMR CNRS 6087 Université du Maine F72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France anchistyakova@yandex.ru Keywords: Mössbauer spectroscopy, dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria, iron oxides, bio-magnetism Abstract.
Mössbauer investigations were carried out to understand whether the environment conditions, i.e. pH, temperature and mineralization affects the initial structure of SF.
The in-field spectrum processing by extracting two distributions of hyperfine magnetic field, corresponding to two different positions of Fe3+ atoms in a structure, gives for both spectra almost the same values of relative intensities of subspectra ~ 65 % to 35%.
In addition, according to [10] the structure of ferrihydrite in its ideal form contains 20% tetrahedrally and 80% octahedrally coordinated iron and has a basic structural motif closely related to the Baker δ-Figgis Keggin cluster, besides the structure of ferrihydrite depend on the synthesis conditions [11].
The most probable magnetic structure of SF from both mediums is a random packing of small ferrimagnetic clusters.

Keratin is a structural protein of ectoderm cells, widely found in the organizational structure of organisms.
Normally, the keratin molecule inside disulfide bond that peptide internal and peptide occur between crosslinking, form the three-dimensional network structures, so that the natural keratin difficult to dissolve.
This is because of urea-formaldehyde resin bonding strength with the resin structure.
This may be due to increase to add the amount of keratin, the keratin of the spiral structure can be fully extended, a large number of amino-exposed, and react with free formaldehyde, reducing the toxicity of urea-formaldehyde resin, formaldehyde emission is also reduced.
Chemistry and bond, 2000 (3) :130-133

Hydraulic activity of γ-C2S is very low, C3S has regular structure at high temperature, and a lot of different ions can be solid solution in the structure of "empty", such as phosphorus, MgO, FeO and other impurities, which cause hydration speed of these minerals slow and activity reduced greatly.
The types of the activation of steel slag mainly include the pre trigger off, physics, chemistry, thermal excitation, etc. 4.1 Pretreatment of Steel Slag To pretreat the steel slag can improve its activity and reduce the content of f-CaO, increase the value of comprehensive utilization of steel slag.
If the steel slag powder is mixed up with slag powder, and the specific surface area of them is kept in the number of 450 m2/kg, when 20% ~ 30% steel slag is mixed in the compound powders, the activity of compound powders can reach or close to S95 level, which can meet the design requirements of the strength of concrete structure.
Because it has played "tiny aggregate effect", "ash effect" and "plasticizing effect" by mixing with steel slag compound powder, which improves the concrete internal structure and the strength of concrete.
Using the silica fume as exciting agent, the amount of calcium hydroxide crystal in hydration products decreased significantly, the amount of CSH gel and AFt crystals increased significantly, hydration rate was faster, and the hardened mortar structure was further densify. 5 Expectation Based on the current research progress and application at home and abroad, the appropriate combination of chemical, mechanical and thermal activation is the future of research and application of steel slag activation.

Some SiAlONs Prepared from Nanopowders by Spark Plasma Sintering Ilmars Zalite a , Natalja Zilinska b, Ints Steinsc , Janis Krastins d Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Riga Technical University, 34 Miera Str., Salaspils, LV-2169, Latvia a ilmars@nki.lv, bnatalja.zilinska@inbox.lv, dkrastins.janis@navigator.lv Keywords: SiAlON, nanocomposites, spark plasma sintering, grain size, mechanical properties Abstract.
It is possible to obtain dense ceramic materials with relatively fine-grained structure (200-400 nm) and good mechanical properties from nanosized powders at relatively low temperatures (1400-1600 °C).
It is possible to use the SPS method to obtain the dense materials with relatively fine-grained structure (200-400 nm) from nano-sized powder at relatively low temperatures (1400-1500 °C for α- SiAlON, up to 1600 °C for samples outside of the α- SiAlON region) with good mechanical properties.

However if the coating process with aqueous dispersions and polymeric sols is alternated, a kind of lamellar sandwich structure can be formed which stays crack-free up to several layers.
However if the coating process with aqueous dispersions and polymeric sols is alternated, a kind of lamellar sandwich structure can be formed which stays crack-free up to several layers.
Scherer: Sol-gel science: The physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing, Academic Press Inc., Boston (1990) [5] C.J.