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Online since: August 2013
Authors: Dong Li, Sun Chuan
Especially since the middle period of the 20th century, with the leap development for science and technology and rapid growth of economy in the world, the footmark that human being conquers natural has been spread through the most parts of the earth , and therefore human being has been a crucial force that dominates global ecosystem . the article ,named human being dominates the global ecosystem republished by well-know science magazine “Science” in 1997, listed a group of data (see Table 1)to show that activities of human being have been changing the global ecosystem . in the short decades after World War II , the issues about environment and energy have developed into worldwide ones that concerns courtiers in the world rapidly from the regional ones
Table 1 Ecosystem of the Earth
Transformation of continent landmark
45%
Percent of Man-made carbon dioxide
21%
freshwater volume available for development
52%
Man-made nitrogen fixation
56%
Introduction of plant species
20%
(2)If there are problems of construction quality for building watertight engineering, the moisture will enter into the layer of warm-keeping and energy conservation, resulting in the reduction of warm-keeping function; as the relatively efficient material of warm-keeping is usually new-style composite material, which not only calls for water proofing but also ventilation, or it will be mouldy with the joint impact of water and air, and cause the inefficiency of the warm-keeping performance.
The places that area prepared for embedded parts and pipelines in advance should be built by solid bricks in the holes of the walls, which should be reserved and embedded in advance and not be bored and stuffed with cement mortar at random during construction. 3.1.3 The construction of heat conservation for energy-saving walls The construction of heat preservation for wall is the key segment for the measures of its energy conservation. the wall layer of heat preservation is usually set inside and outside the wall , although the former just calls for simple technological measures , its effect of heat preservation is not as good as the latter ; while the latter can save utilization area , but the issues like cracking , water perocolation , peeling off , the reduction of duration will show on if the improper measures are done , and its cost are higher than that of the former .the construction technologies ,such as plastering, spray application, dry-hang , sticking and composite and so
In order to prevent the cracking resulted from large-scale expansion with heat and contraction with cold of roof, the elastic leak should be built according to the feature of heat preservation layer, and it also can be taken into account with holes of ventilation and air exhaustion (2)The weatherproofing and dampproofing of heat preservation layer should be gave top priority to prevent the bump and cracking of waterproof layer that caused by reduction of isolating heat due to moisture and vapor.
(2)If there are problems of construction quality for building watertight engineering, the moisture will enter into the layer of warm-keeping and energy conservation, resulting in the reduction of warm-keeping function; as the relatively efficient material of warm-keeping is usually new-style composite material, which not only calls for water proofing but also ventilation, or it will be mouldy with the joint impact of water and air, and cause the inefficiency of the warm-keeping performance.
The places that area prepared for embedded parts and pipelines in advance should be built by solid bricks in the holes of the walls, which should be reserved and embedded in advance and not be bored and stuffed with cement mortar at random during construction. 3.1.3 The construction of heat conservation for energy-saving walls The construction of heat preservation for wall is the key segment for the measures of its energy conservation. the wall layer of heat preservation is usually set inside and outside the wall , although the former just calls for simple technological measures , its effect of heat preservation is not as good as the latter ; while the latter can save utilization area , but the issues like cracking , water perocolation , peeling off , the reduction of duration will show on if the improper measures are done , and its cost are higher than that of the former .the construction technologies ,such as plastering, spray application, dry-hang , sticking and composite and so
In order to prevent the cracking resulted from large-scale expansion with heat and contraction with cold of roof, the elastic leak should be built according to the feature of heat preservation layer, and it also can be taken into account with holes of ventilation and air exhaustion (2)The weatherproofing and dampproofing of heat preservation layer should be gave top priority to prevent the bump and cracking of waterproof layer that caused by reduction of isolating heat due to moisture and vapor.
Online since: September 2019
Authors: Alexander V. Rogachev, Oleg A. Sarkisov, Alexander A. Rogachev, Petr A. Luchnikov, Inna Plotnikova
Named result agrees well with experimental data obtained for the temperature dependence of the coating molecular mass deposited by the electron-beam dispersion [14, 15].
Besides, this also results in increasing the related lifetime of the fragment in the adsorbed state τа and the reduction of the diffusion factor.
This is why further increment of adsorption energy Е > Е0 is accompanied by the reduction of the growth velocity.
(10) Judging by (10) we can state that the temperature rise and activation degree drop along with the reduction of the diffusion factor leads to the coating growth rate increase.
Besides, this also results in increasing the related lifetime of the fragment in the adsorbed state τа and the reduction of the diffusion factor.
This is why further increment of adsorption energy Е > Е0 is accompanied by the reduction of the growth velocity.
(10) Judging by (10) we can state that the temperature rise and activation degree drop along with the reduction of the diffusion factor leads to the coating growth rate increase.
Online since: December 2011
Authors: Jeeng Min Ling, Anh Son Khuong
The real solar radiation/temperature data from the central weather Bureau of Taiwan in 2008 at the three locations [7] have been simulated.
Considerable installed PV and BTY capacity reduction occurs at the increment of LOLH.
Considerable installed PV and BTY capacity reduction occurs when the requirement of system reliability (LOLH) reduction.
Considerable installed PV and BTY capacity reduction occurs at the increment of LOLH.
Considerable installed PV and BTY capacity reduction occurs when the requirement of system reliability (LOLH) reduction.
Online since: June 2015
Authors: Nilman D.S. Gomes, A.L. Pontes, L.H. Carvalho, Romulo Charles Nascimento Leite
It is observed that two factors sintering result in a reduction in the flow of water permeated through the membranes: 1) addition of clay to the membrane lining and 2) increasing the time and sintering temperature [17,18].
The largest reduction in permeate flow should be associated with reduced porosity and pore clogging caused by an increased concentration of oil droplets on the membrane/solution (fouling) interface.
Table 2: Quantification of oil (mg/L) of different synthesis conditions of the coated membranes LDPE film with or without organoclay in 30 min and 60 min. 30 [minutes] 60 [minutes] Samples 200-90-0% 62,466 61,395 Quantity of oil (mg/l) 200-90-5% 48,759 48,127 200-120-0% 52,702 50,961 200-120-5% 50,255 43,026 220-90-0% 55,493 43,373 220-90-5% 46,538 46,626 220-120-0% 50,314 49,788 220-120-5% 44,840 38,498 The data indicates that best separation efficiency (lower amounts of permeated oil) were obtained for the 220-120-5% membrane, i.e., that sintered at higher temperatures, for longer time and internally coated with the LDPE/organoclay film.
Conclusions Modifications to the inner walls of UHMWPE membranes by the addition of LDPE with or without organoclay are effective as a reduction in the water flow as well as increased levels of filtration synthetic effluent.
The largest reduction in permeate flow should be associated with reduced porosity and pore clogging caused by an increased concentration of oil droplets on the membrane/solution (fouling) interface.
Table 2: Quantification of oil (mg/L) of different synthesis conditions of the coated membranes LDPE film with or without organoclay in 30 min and 60 min. 30 [minutes] 60 [minutes] Samples 200-90-0% 62,466 61,395 Quantity of oil (mg/l) 200-90-5% 48,759 48,127 200-120-0% 52,702 50,961 200-120-5% 50,255 43,026 220-90-0% 55,493 43,373 220-90-5% 46,538 46,626 220-120-0% 50,314 49,788 220-120-5% 44,840 38,498 The data indicates that best separation efficiency (lower amounts of permeated oil) were obtained for the 220-120-5% membrane, i.e., that sintered at higher temperatures, for longer time and internally coated with the LDPE/organoclay film.
Conclusions Modifications to the inner walls of UHMWPE membranes by the addition of LDPE with or without organoclay are effective as a reduction in the water flow as well as increased levels of filtration synthetic effluent.
Online since: November 2011
Authors: Feng Xiang Tang, Yun Zhang, Su Na Lin, Zhong Li Guo
According to the Noyes-Whitney and Ostwald-Freundilich equations, size reduction can afford increased dissolution rate and solubility characteristics [4].
In fact, size reduction is the most common way to achieve the desired dissolution rate and bioavailability.
Among the various size reduction techniques (e.g. high pressure homogenization, milling, spray drying, supercritical fluids technology, etc.), liquid precipitation, including antisolvent precipitation and reactive precipitation, is a more effective method to prepare micro-or nano-sized drug particles due to its easy control of particle size and morphology, and scale-up in pharmaceutical industry [5-7].
In spite of this, the solubility data of GCV, especially those in the mixture of water and ethanol (50:50, V/V), provides a good basis for GCV crystallization.
In fact, size reduction is the most common way to achieve the desired dissolution rate and bioavailability.
Among the various size reduction techniques (e.g. high pressure homogenization, milling, spray drying, supercritical fluids technology, etc.), liquid precipitation, including antisolvent precipitation and reactive precipitation, is a more effective method to prepare micro-or nano-sized drug particles due to its easy control of particle size and morphology, and scale-up in pharmaceutical industry [5-7].
In spite of this, the solubility data of GCV, especially those in the mixture of water and ethanol (50:50, V/V), provides a good basis for GCV crystallization.
Online since: September 2025
Authors: Woongje Sung, Mohamed Torky
This reduction leads to a 29% decrease in active area, with the BV crossover point dropping to around 3.6 kV, assuming the same $1000 fabrication cost, representing a 58% reduction in the crossover compared to Chip #1.
This results in a 73% reduction in the BV crossover compared to Chip #1.
No data denotes no crossover.
This results in a 73% reduction in the BV crossover compared to Chip #1.
No data denotes no crossover.
Online since: October 2016
Authors: L.A. Barrales-Mora, Dmitri A. Molodov, Jann Erik Brandenburg
Data used for the simulations.
For the shrinking embedded grain the solely possible reaction between dislocations, which can results in a reduction of their number, is the annihilation of dislocations with antiparallel Burgers vectors located on opposite sides of the cylindrical grain [29].
Figure 7 shows the typical chain of dislocation reactions resulting in a reduction of the dislocation number in the boundary, as found in the simulations.
A reduction of the number of dislocations composed the investigated 5.5° mixed boundary could be confirmed by simply counting them in the obtained snapshots.
For the shrinking embedded grain the solely possible reaction between dislocations, which can results in a reduction of their number, is the annihilation of dislocations with antiparallel Burgers vectors located on opposite sides of the cylindrical grain [29].
Figure 7 shows the typical chain of dislocation reactions resulting in a reduction of the dislocation number in the boundary, as found in the simulations.
A reduction of the number of dislocations composed the investigated 5.5° mixed boundary could be confirmed by simply counting them in the obtained snapshots.
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Shi Yuan Yu, Shang Xing Chen, Qiang Yong, Yong Xu
An ideal pretreatment would accomplish reduction in lignin content, concomitant with a reduction in crystallinity and an increase in surface area.
The sample was determined to be an acid soluble lignin as well as carbohydrates from absorbance data at 205nm by UV/Visible spectrophotometer.
Reduction in the peak intensity found at around 1,631-1,633 cm-1 in chemically treated samples indicated the partial reaction of the C=O bonds of hemicellulose.
The sample was determined to be an acid soluble lignin as well as carbohydrates from absorbance data at 205nm by UV/Visible spectrophotometer.
Reduction in the peak intensity found at around 1,631-1,633 cm-1 in chemically treated samples indicated the partial reaction of the C=O bonds of hemicellulose.
Online since: October 2007
Authors: Volodymyr V. Komarnitskyy, Pavel Hazdra
Typical application is local reduction of carrier
lifetime [1] or formation of ultra-deep n-doped layers [2].
The study is performed for implantation energies, fluences and annealing temperatures which are typically used for local lifetime reduction in power devices.
SIMS data [5] showed that distribution of implanted hydrogen is stable up to the annealing temperature of 450°C, therefore the out diffusion of hydrogen atoms cannot be reason for annealing of these centers.
Summary We analyzed formation of deep and shallow levels in oxygen-rich float-zone n-type silicon subjected to proton and helium implantation and subsequent annealing at fluences and temperatures used for lifetime reduction in power devices.
The study is performed for implantation energies, fluences and annealing temperatures which are typically used for local lifetime reduction in power devices.
SIMS data [5] showed that distribution of implanted hydrogen is stable up to the annealing temperature of 450°C, therefore the out diffusion of hydrogen atoms cannot be reason for annealing of these centers.
Summary We analyzed formation of deep and shallow levels in oxygen-rich float-zone n-type silicon subjected to proton and helium implantation and subsequent annealing at fluences and temperatures used for lifetime reduction in power devices.
Online since: December 2018
Authors: Matthew L.S. Zappulla, Brian G. Thomas
Total shell thickness reduction of 30-40% is observed at the depression center.
These increased surface temperatures are accompanied by 30-40% reduction in the thickness of the solid steel shell, and up to 86% reduction of the stronger austenite layer.
Future Work Future work on this ongoing project includes collecting and characterizing cracks, depressions, and other surface defects from operating casters as permitted, as well as more advanced forms of caster data collection [17,18].
These increased surface temperatures are accompanied by 30-40% reduction in the thickness of the solid steel shell, and up to 86% reduction of the stronger austenite layer.
Future Work Future work on this ongoing project includes collecting and characterizing cracks, depressions, and other surface defects from operating casters as permitted, as well as more advanced forms of caster data collection [17,18].