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The diffusion zone is formed by the precipitates of nitrides of iron and other metals both at the grain boundaries and within the grains.
Wear rate curves obtained for un-treated and treated specimens are shown in Fig3.The obtained results are plotted in graphs showing the weight loss against number of revolutions for different treating temperature.
Fig.3 The relation between weightloss and Number of revolutions Corrosion resistance.

Many efforts have been carried out to balance its properties at room and high temperatures such as using grain refinement, alloying, or compositing [2][3].
A number of pure elements such as Fe, Mn, and Mo have also been used alloying or compositing NiAl [10].
The increase in hardness can be related to two reasons; firstly the formation of other intermetallic compounds such as TiNi and TiAl, and secondly, the presence of the oxide compounds in the lattices site or the grain boundary of NiAl.
Vickers hardness of the synthesized products obtained by the SHS reaction of Ni-Al-TiO2 with Al addition by 0.74 wt.%, 1.11 wt.%, 1.48 wt.%, and 1.85 wt.% Acknowledgement The authors are grateful for the financial support by the Directorate General of Research and Development Strengthening, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia with Grant Number: 133.32/A.3-III/LPPM/IV/2020.

In the 1980s, some scientific research institutions developed a number of plot seeders based on plot seeder introduced, such as ZXJB-4 plot precision seeder (Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences), NKXB-1.4 plot drill(China Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Beijing Agricultural University), 2BJ-2 plot precision seeder(Suning County Agricultural Machinery Institute in Hebei), XBJ-15, XBJ-15A plot drill (Hongxinglong Farming Canal Bureau Research Institute in Heilongjiang), 2XB-10 plot drill (the 3rd Repair Shop of 597 Farm in Heilongjiang), etc.
Plot drill requires in terms of length and width of the plot area the same type of seeds sow into soil, according to seeding quantity (the grains within length segments), prescribed spacing, row spacing and sowing depth, and after finishing sowing a plot, seed shall clear automatically seed in the seed-metering device at once.
Plant line plot seeder requires in terms of length and width of the plot area the different type of seeds sow into different seed drilling, according to seeding quantity (the grains within length segments), prescribed spacing, row spacing and sowing depth, and after finishing sowing a plot, seed shall clear automatically seed in the seed-metering device at once.At present plant line plot seeder consists of feeding device, control unit, seed distributions per row (conule-belt or conule-disk seed-metering device), opener systems, etc.
As a result of narrow application scope of plot seeder and relatively small application number, in contrast, excessive production enterprises will cause fierce competition led to the fittest survival.

The grain boundaries are not visible probably because the grains are so small that it is impossible to estimate their size or it can indicate amorphous structure of the deposits.
The size of the flakes decreases and their number increases when the potential is close to the value of -0.6 V.
Individual substances were identified based on cards with the numbers: 00-003-1018 (Cu), 01-070-8579 (CuSe), 00-037-1187 (Cu2Se) and 00-012-0115 (CuSe2).

Table 1 Orthogonal experiment design for optimizing the extrusion process conditions level Factors Extrusion temperature /℃ (A) Feed moisture /% (B) Screw speed /r/min (C) Feed rate / g/min (D) 1 110~115 15 179 518 2 115~120 17 223 622 3 120~125 19 268 726 Table 2 Experimental results and the analysis of variance Experimental sequence number Factors A B C D Flavonoids extraction ratio /% 1 1 1 1 1 1.29 2 1 2 2 2 1.73 3 1 3 3 3 1.62 4 2 1 2 3 1.72 5 2 2 3 1 2.05 6 2 3 1 2 1.31 7 3 1 3 2 1.69 8 3 2 1 3 1.63 9 3 3 2 1 1.56 K1 1.55 1.57 1.41 1.63 K2 1.69 1.80 1.67 1.58 K3 1.63 1.50 1.79 1.66 R 0.14 0.30 0.38 0.08 (Note: extrusion mungbean skin (mungbean skin: mungbean flour =10:2) Structural changes.
Table 3 Box-Behnken experiment design level Factors Extraction temperature /℃(A) Ethanol mass fraction/%( B) Extraction time /h (C) 1 70 30 1.5 2 80 40 2 3 90 50 2.5 (Note: material/liquid ration is 1:20) Table 4 Box-Behnken experiment result Experimental sequence number X1 Extraction temperature X2 Ethanol mass fraction X3 Extraction time Flavonoids extraction (%) 1 -1 -1 0 2.05 2 -1 1 0 2.11 3 1 -1 0 1.56 4 1 1 0 1.10 5 0 -1 -1 2.16 6 0 -1 1 2.49 7 0 1 -1 2.18 8 0 1 1 2.34 9 -1 0 -1 2.27 10 1 0 -1 1.25 11 -1 0 1 2.35 12 1 0 1 1.56 13 0 0 0 2.54 14 0 0 0 2.57 15 0 0 0 2.50 (Note: extrusion mungbean skin (mungbean skin: mungbean flour =10:2)) By regression analysis, we can get the regression equation as follows, Y1=2.537 - 0.414X1 - 0.066X2 + 0.11X3 - 0.633X12 - 0.13X1X2 + 0.057X1X3 - 0.198X22 - 0.043X2X3 - 0.0458X32.
[3] Wenfeng Han, Bo Qiu: Grain product processing Vol. 33 (2008), p. 53-58, in Chinese
[13] Yanjie Zhang, Jinhe Tian, Qingxiao Zeng, Chengfang Yang: Food Technology of Oil and Grain, Vol. 13 (2005), p. 39-40 , in Chinese

Precipitation generally starts at the location of dislocations or close to other defects in the microstructure, at boundaries of lath martensite or at boundaries of previous austenitic grains where the least energy is required for precipitation.
They found that the segregation of a Ti(C, N) was mostly undesired as it occurred predominantly at austenite grain boundaries and caused brittleness of the precipitation-hardened maraging steel.
The microstructure changed which was confirmed with metallographic examinations after processing, but the essential change of mechanical properties would require a higher number of passages or a higher temperature.
However, the essential change of mechanical properties requires a higher number of passages with cycle temperature over a certain temperature, e.g. 350 or 400 °C.

Introduction In recent decades, a great number of publications dedicated to high-velocity impact welding (including, explosion welding) of aluminum and titanium have appeared [1–4].
One can observe a grain refinement as a result of significant plastic deformation close to the interface of aluminum and titanium plates (Fig. 2a).
The number of crystal structure defects, primarily dislocations, increases sharply close to the interface (Fig. 2b).
Microstructure of the transition zone and adjacent areas: a - the vortex zone structure; b - grain structure of titanium at the interface; c - diffraction pattern of the area Fig. 2b; d - azimuthal sweep of the diffraction pattern shown in Fig. 2c.

The grain size of the Ni-SiC composites decreased with increasing average current density, and the hardness of the composites increased with decreasing nickel grain size.
The lateral surfaces of several specimens are prepared on an FIB; they are provided to investigate the microstructure and the number and sizes of cavities. 3.
It was demonstrated that a number of cavities or voids were formed in the Ni-P/SiC composite film, and this had lowered the specimen’s mechanical properties in as-plated condition.

SCD was used to extract the hydrocarbon components from source rocks by the Test Center, Shengli Oil Field, China, it is found that the extraction rate was quick, the effect well, and the components of low carbon number can be kept.
Oil shale’s structure is a rock structure with lots of grains, in the slits of rock there exist oil and pore water.
That large number of hydrocarbon molecules entering the liquid in the process of extraction must cause the change of system electric potential.
Oil shale must be smashed into some grain size then be poured into the extractor, under definite temperature and pressure, to recover the oil as much as possible, data from which may be regarded as those of leaching equilibrium.

Table of results of comparison of FTIR values of commercial glucomannan and porang glucomannan flour No Functional Group Wavenumber (cm-1) GC PG 1 -OH- 3363-3597 - 2 C-O-C 1250 - 3 C-O 1635 1635 4 C-Cl 645 - 5 Double bond 2049 2049 Morphology of konjac glucomannan and porang flour Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) was performed to further study the three-dimensional morphological comparison of grain size of porang flour and commercial konjac glucomannan flour.
In commercial glucomannan konjac flour, the grains appear to have crumbled into disordered flakes.
The FTIR spectra recognized the presence of functional groups of OH stretching vibration absorption bands at wave numbers 3850 -3300 cm-1 and C-O-C functional groups at wave numbers 1250 cm-1 for commercial glucomannan flour (CG) [20][21] while porang flour (PG) does not have OH absorption stretching vibrations and C-O-C functional groups, based on SEM characteristics it can be interpreted that porang flour granules are much more regular and uniform than commercial konjac flour granules.