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All processes show columnar prior β grains, growing perpendicular to the layer direction.
Grain boundary α can be observed at the prior β grains.
Figure 4: Typical microstructure: a) DMLS; b) EBM; heat treatment: 710 °C/2 h Both wire feed processes (Fig. 5) displays a coarse microstructure consisting of grain boundary α and a α plate like structure with a Widmanstätten orientation.
The tensile strength is basically dependent on the number, size, and distribution of the defects.

f, Hz 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Q-1 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 Hot rolled 20 sec. 60 sec. 2 min. 10 min. 1 hr grain boundaries and boundaries between second phase particles (preexisting TiN and TiS) and ferrite during the isothermal annealing treatment [5,10,11].
An increase of carbon diffusivity with carbon concentration has been reported in austenite [15], and was attributed to strain in the iron lattice caused by the increased number of carbon atoms, making atom jumps between certain interstitial sites easier as the amount of strain increases.
Although no clear effects of solid solution strengthening elements on carbon diffusivity were observed, the solid solution strengthening elements (Mn and P) can also influence bake hardenability through their effects on the amount of solute carbon available to provide an aging response and/or through their effects on the grain size.
McLean, Grain Boundaries in Metals, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1957
Smith, "Grain Boundary Segregation in Boron Added Interstitial Free Steels Studied By 3-Dimensional Atom Probe", Scripta Mat., 1998, pp. 1029- 1034

He simulated asperity interactions by spheres and found a theoretical formula, independent of the number of asperities, which gives approximately 0.35 in agreement with the experimental results (Fig. 1b and 1c).
But when particles form large films adherent to the worn surfaces, they are usually associated to high wear by large grain pull-out as a result of a lower load-carrying capacity compared to free particles.
Different mechanisms have been proposed such as Mechanical Mixing Layer (MML), High Temperature Phase Transformation Material (HTPTM) and Dynamic Crystallization (which produces nanometric grain size under high plastic deformation).
The same methodology was followed for the effect of grain size.
Figure 11: Wear study of drill bit insert WC.Co; a) Proposed tribological circuit, b) role of the Co metallic blinder of the insert in the third body formation and c) role of the grain size of the insert in the third body formation (arrow size illustrates the intensity of the different flows of matter).

Its microstructure consisted of grains with mean sizes of about 5 μm.
With rising external stresses, there was a decrease in thicknesses of the longitudinal bands with an increase in their number from 5 to 6 (Fig. 2, pattern 2 (XX)).
According to the up-to-date concepts [62], these local small regions were represented as elastic-plastic strain domains, while the macro strain areas could include some groups of grains.
Baeslack, Nature of grain refinement in titanium alloy welds by microcooler inoculation, Weld.
Ram, Use of magnetic arc oscillation for grain refinement of gas tungsten arc welds in α–β titanium alloys, Sci.

For instance, the bond strength of adhesives is directly correlated to the number of OH groups [34].
An increasing number of applications, however, requires temperatures below 500 °C.
Different interactions were discussed for hydrophobic bonded wafers [75] and grain boundaries in sintered silicon [76].
Based on theoretical models and experimental results a large number of defects were described [103, 104].
Analogous analysis of dislocation arrangements in 2-dimensional networks (grain boundaries) are still missing.

A maze-like pattern is consistent with the formation of interaction domains consisting of many single domain grains of approximately uniform magnetization clustered together.
In addition, there is a small number of stripe domain in the magnet.

We also controlled the max flowing rate didn’t exceed the critical flowing rate, which didn’t cause migration of mineral grains in the core.
They have a certain number of big throats which contribute to permeability greatly.

Local approach has been applied in the 3D reconstructions of grains and solder joints.
Fig. 2 Welding molten pool No.1 Fig. 3 Welding molten pool No.2 Table 2 Estimation of illuminant direction Image number Image size Illuminant slant Illuminant tilt [pixel2] [rad] [rad] 1 2 244×244 244×244 1.0095 1.0095 1.0903 0.7757 Then we used the 3D reconstruction algorithm introduced above, estimation of illuminant direction to reconstruct the 3D shape of welding molten pool.

Knot size, shape and associated grain deviation determine the stress concentration around knot and dominate the drying deformation in massively knotty boards [2-7].
For trees from stands less than 35 years, the annual growth may be estimated using the linear regressions Hi = 1.09 ´ i + 0.6604 (R2 = 0.9863) (2) Di = 0.013 ´ i + 0.0015 (R2 = 0.9918) (3) Where Hi is the mean top height in the ith year, m; Di is the mean diameter at breast height in the ith year, m; i is the cambial age (i.e. ring number from the pith), year.

Two 500kV bus bar high-voltage disconnectors hoop of the root of clamping block fracture were found in the daily inspection work of 500kV substation, as shown in figure 1, the fracture of high-voltage disconnectors numbers were #2 bus B phase and #4 bus C phase.
According to GB/T 14999.7-2010《Test methods for grain sizes，primary dendrite spacing and micro shrinkage of super alloy castings》, the level of shrinkage is 8.