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They found that the high entropy alloys have simple microstructure, the number of phases is few, and cubic solution is the main phase.
According to the Gibbs phase rule, F=C−P+1 (F: degree of freedom, C: number of components, and P: number of phase), the maximum number of equilibrium phases in the C components system at constant pressure is P=C+1.
Crystal grains were finer when the cooling speed was faster, so the strengths and plasticity might be increased slightly by effect of fine-crystal.
And the total number of phases is much smaller than the maximum equilibrium number allowed by the Gibbs phase rule

They are composed of refractory aggregates under the appropriate grain size distribution together with special admixtures (minerals or chemicals), all bonded by a hydraulic binder.
d = Particle whose size stablishes an inferior limiting diameter in each grain size range of sieves.
The decrease is more intense for the CRC castable specimen because of its higher CaO content than that of the LCC, being as a consequence prone to develop a bigger number of different phases than the ones possible of being developed on the LCC´s.
On the other hand the deformation observed for the LCC castable formulated under q=0.22 can be credit to the real bigger ratio of matrix/coarse aggregates in this sample, which lead to a decreased hydrodynamic impediment within the liquid phase, which may be caused by the coarse grains, at the same time favoring the reactivity of the fine aggregates (in larger proportions) with the CaO content.
This hypothesis is supported by the results of the combination of high CaO content with q=0.26 grain size modulus distribution, used in the CRC castable formulation.

Its microstructure consisted of grains with mean sizes of about 5 μm.
With rising external stresses, there was a decrease in thicknesses of the longitudinal bands with an increase in their number from 5 to 6 (Fig. 2, pattern 2 (XX)).
According to the up-to-date concepts [62], these local small regions were represented as elastic-plastic strain domains, while the macro strain areas could include some groups of grains.
Baeslack, Nature of grain refinement in titanium alloy welds by microcooler inoculation, Weld.
Ram, Use of magnetic arc oscillation for grain refinement of gas tungsten arc welds in α–β titanium alloys, Sci.

All processes show columnar prior β grains, growing perpendicular to the layer direction.
Grain boundary α can be observed at the prior β grains.
Figure 4: Typical microstructure: a) DMLS; b) EBM; heat treatment: 710 °C/2 h Both wire feed processes (Fig. 5) displays a coarse microstructure consisting of grain boundary α and a α plate like structure with a Widmanstätten orientation.
The tensile strength is basically dependent on the number, size, and distribution of the defects.

f, Hz 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 Q-1 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 Hot rolled 20 sec. 60 sec. 2 min. 10 min. 1 hr grain boundaries and boundaries between second phase particles (preexisting TiN and TiS) and ferrite during the isothermal annealing treatment [5,10,11].
An increase of carbon diffusivity with carbon concentration has been reported in austenite [15], and was attributed to strain in the iron lattice caused by the increased number of carbon atoms, making atom jumps between certain interstitial sites easier as the amount of strain increases.
Although no clear effects of solid solution strengthening elements on carbon diffusivity were observed, the solid solution strengthening elements (Mn and P) can also influence bake hardenability through their effects on the amount of solute carbon available to provide an aging response and/or through their effects on the grain size.
McLean, Grain Boundaries in Metals, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1957
Smith, "Grain Boundary Segregation in Boron Added Interstitial Free Steels Studied By 3-Dimensional Atom Probe", Scripta Mat., 1998, pp. 1029- 1034

He simulated asperity interactions by spheres and found a theoretical formula, independent of the number of asperities, which gives approximately 0.35 in agreement with the experimental results (Fig. 1b and 1c).
But when particles form large films adherent to the worn surfaces, they are usually associated to high wear by large grain pull-out as a result of a lower load-carrying capacity compared to free particles.
Different mechanisms have been proposed such as Mechanical Mixing Layer (MML), High Temperature Phase Transformation Material (HTPTM) and Dynamic Crystallization (which produces nanometric grain size under high plastic deformation).
The same methodology was followed for the effect of grain size.
Figure 11: Wear study of drill bit insert WC.Co; a) Proposed tribological circuit, b) role of the Co metallic blinder of the insert in the third body formation and c) role of the grain size of the insert in the third body formation (arrow size illustrates the intensity of the different flows of matter).

A number of ecomaterial-type building materials have been gradually developed.
Table 1 Classification of building materials from the viewpoint of their resource origin Table 2 Part of eco-life-cycle matrix of classification of eco-material type building materials Building Materials Resource Basic Material Structural materials Non-structural materials Wood ・Natural Wood, ・Natural Rubber ・Pulp ・Structural Wood ・Earthquake-free Rubber ・Interior Wood ・Wall Paper Grass ・Straw ・Miscanthus Reed ・Roofing Grain ・Starch ・Glue Animal ・Wool ・Fur ・Insulation ・Carpet 1.
Table 3 shows Setting methods of rating numbers of various evaluation indicators by rating numbers of five indices.
Table 3 Setting methods of rating numbers of various evaluation indicators Evaluation Indicator of eco-balance performance Rating number 12 34 5 Characteristics of Long service life 1) Structural materials and components 15-30year 30-45year 45-60year 60-75year 75-100year 2) Exterior and interior materials 5-10year 10-15year 15-20year 20-25uear 25-30year Characteristics of resources circulation Recycling indicator = Recycling ratio×Ｒｅｃｙｃｉｎｇ ｎｕｍｂｅ ｒ 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 Characteristics of improvement of resources/environment capacities Improvement ratio of resources/environment capacities 0-3% 3-6% 6-9% 9-12% 12-15% Characteristics of improvement of materials efficiency Improvement ratio of materials efficiency 0-3% 3-6% 6-9% 9-12% 12-15% Characteristics of improvement of health safety Number of the human race feeling the health damage per 1000 ones 80-100 60-80 40-60 20-40 0-20
Conf. on EcoBalance, p. 279 (Ecomaterials Forum, The Society of Non-traditional Technology 2005) Component materials Initial performance Po (MPa) Ratio of reduction of performance r Critical performanc e Pcr (MＰa) Performance after repeated partial recycling n times Pn (MＰ a) Recycling number n (times) Exterior GFRC 30(Flexural strength) 0.2 8 9.8 5 Exterior PAN-CFRC 20(Flexural strength) 0.2 8 8.2 4 Recyclable FRP 1) CF/PC 312(Flexural strength) 0.2 90 102 5 2) GF/PC 169(Flexural strength) ) 0.2 60 69 4 3) CF/PVC 189Flexural strength) ) 0.2 90 96 3 4) GF/PVC 173(Flexural strength) ) 0.2 60 71 4 Concrete 100(Compressive strength) 0.2 50 51.2 3

The density of oxygen vacancies increased dramatically after annealing at 900 °C due to appearance of a large number of SiO2, which shifts the La 3d5/3 peak to high binding energy.
This is due to the present of a large number of SiO2 at the interface after 900 °C annealing which have lager valence band and enlarger the value of whole film.
First, the structure of the La2O3 film transformed from amorphous to crystallites after annealing (the x-ray diffraction figure is not shown in this article) and the grain boundary of crystal make up a current path which enlarge the leakage current.
The maximum value of valence band slowly increases with the increase of temperatures from 600 to 800 oC and reaches a larger number at 900 oC.
The flat band voltage became more negative, illustrating the number of the oxygen vacancy in the La2O3 films increases while annealing at high temperature.

Fast drying and wetting produces forces that lead up to the loosening of grains in building stone [6].
The total number of chemoorganotrophic bacteria in the BBM culture medium was roughly identified, plus its pH value (HI 9017 pH meter, HANNA Instruments).
Unicellular organisms and organisms forming colonies were found in larger numbers than phototrophs of filamentous forms.
The lowest numbers of cyanobacteria were found on the building which was most maintained, while the highest numbers of them were found on its damp and untreated spots where filamentous forms were also identified together with unicellular cyanobacteria.
Table 1 pH levels, total numbers of bacteria and mould in 1 ml of the BBM culture medium.

As to the further development, it still remains a challenge to reinterpret and identify the large number of drilled formations as well as to discover new productive gas formations.
Moreover, the rock composition is complex that it is mainly composed of coarse grain lithic sandstone, lithic quartz sandstone and quartz sandstone as well as glutinite and little feldspathic lithic sandstone, resulting in the low accuracy of the three-porosity overlap method.
If Si is the sample number of category Ci, then the amount of information needed to classify a given data object is: I(s1,s2,…,sm)= –
Table 2 Sample numbers in identification Categories Sample number in the first calculation Sample number in the second calculation Sample number in the third calculation Type 1 65 65 65 Type 2 141 141 141 Type 3 285 285 285 Type 4 882 - - Type 5 379 379 - Type 6 41 41 41 Type 7 12 12 12 All 1805 923 544 Fig. 3 indicates that although the first global identification rate is 82.4%, it varies largely among different categories that the global identification rates of super-low yield formation and dry formation are less than 70%.
To dry formation, the relatively limited sample numbers and the insensitivity of its logging curves toward dry formation account for its low right identification rate of less than 80% in the third identification.