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However, they limited their studies to determine the bio-oil properties such as elemental and proximate analysis.
The effects of bed temperature and gas flow rate on the EFB biomass product yields and properties of pyrolytic liquid was determined by Kim et al. [6].
Characteristic of Oil Palm Biomass The chemical and physical properties of the biomass would determine the final utilization for biofuels and other products.
Bed temperature was found to be the key parameter affecting the phenol and phenolic compounds in bio-oil as shown in Fig. 1.
As a result, different biomass materials might produce very different bio-oil compositions and properties.

A standardized test to receive typical workpiece material removal properties according to its electrochemical machinability is introduced.
Independent from the mechanical properties of the workpiece material with this technology high material removal rates can be realised.
Furthermore it is a cold process so that no white layer or a heat affected zone is developing.
With this test for each machinable material typical workpiece material removal properties can be received depending on specific machining parameters like current density or electrolyte conductivity.
Summary and Outlook The standardized test established by Degenhardt [3] to receive typical workpiece material removal properties according to its electrochemical machinability has been presented.

Zaidib aDepartment of Engineering Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Malaysia norihan@uthm.edu.my, waluyo@uthm.edu.my, mujahid@upnm.edu.my Keywords: material constitutive model, projectile impact, finite element method.
Aluminium 2024 T3 is used as a material model of target plate and the material properties is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Material properties of target plate Type of material Aluminium 2024 T3 Property of material Elastoplastic Young modulus, E 73.08 GPa Poisson ratio, n 0.33 Mass density, r 2700 kg/m3 Thickness of plate 2 mm Integration point 5 Yield stress, sy 0.35 GPa Hardening factor 0.1 Contact type Basic Contact factor 10.00 Contact friction 0.25 Type of failure Failure strain, f = 0.50 Constitutive Relation A theory of contact deformation can be used to relate normal contact force to deformation and subsequently to relate deformation to work done on the contact region by the normal force of colliding bodies.
Result and Discussion There are several parameters affect the deformation and penetration of aluminium target plate when subjected to the impact by a projectile.

Therefore, taking the economic and ecological factors into consideration, it is very urgent to promote the comprehensive utilization of tailings [2].
MgAlON is a new ceramic material with a spinel structure and excellent optical, mechanical and dielectric performance, high thermal stability and slag resistance [3,4].
SiAlON ceramic with low thermal expansion coefficient, high toughness and good thermal shock resistance, is a kind of high temperature structure ceramic with excellent properties [5].
Li, Mechanical properties and microstructures of hot-pressed MgAlON–BN composites.
Hong, Sintering property of MgAlON bonded composite materials.

The obtained results can support the design of coated tools with improved properties at interrupted cutting operations by understanding the role of thermal cycling on the stresses of Ti(C,N) coatings. 1.
Since Ti(C,N) exhibits a quasi-isotropic mechanical response, ψ* is approximately the same (34.5°) for all lattice directions.
Thus, in order to obtain more representative stress values, the stress determination was accomplished by a weighted averaging of the sin2ψ curves from the diffraction lines using their corresponding multiplicity factors.
These preliminary results may indicate that the formation of the oxide layer could affect the stress intensity of the TiCN layer at different temperature levels.
Bhat, Review of CVD TiN coatings for wear-resistant applications: deposition processes, properties and performance, Surf.

Mechanical methods (or relaxation methods) offer several advantages for measuring residual stress in heterogeneous materials [6].
A very important factor that affects the internal and residual stresses in the castings is the mould properties.
The above trend in the variations of residual strain indicates that competing factors Tp-Tm(°C) Residual Strain(*10-3) Fig. 5 Cooling curves, extracted from embedded thermocouples in central bar (CB), side bar (SB), and hot spot (HS).
At high pouring temperatures, the residual strains are relaxed in low carbon steel castings by mechanical stress relive mechanism.
Tech., Vol. 153-154 (2004) p. 209 [15] Metals Handbook, Properties and Selection: Stainless Steels, Tool Materials, and Special Purpose Metals, Vol. 3, 9th ed., American Society for Metals, 1980

Improvement of Drill Life for Nickel Super Alloy by Ultrasonic Vibration Machining with Minimum Quantity Lubrication Hiromi Isobe1, a and Keisuke Hara2,b 1Nagaoka University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kamitomioka 1603-1, Nagaoka, Niigata 9402188, JAPAN 2Ichinoseki National College of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Takanashi, Hagisho, Ichinoseki-shi 0218511, JAPAN aisobe163@mech.nagaokaut.ac.jp, bhara@ichinoseki.ac.jp Keywords: Ultrasonic vibration, Ultrasonic Machining, Cutting Fluid, MQL, Heat-resisting alloy.
The production cost by using laser, electrical discharge and electron beam machining is expensive and the heat-affected layer greatly influences the property of productions.
For drilling of small and deep hole, application method of cutting fluid are important factor which is affect on tool life.
On the other hand, deviation of drilled hole position is affected by biting of chisel edge.
Chip load, which is a function of feed rate and spindle speed, strongly affects the productivity.

Morphological, Structural and Chemical Analysis of Bioleached Kaolin by Bacillus Species Monisha Rajamohan1,a, Sylvia Chieng2,b*, Steven Lim3,5,c, Kok Keong Chong4,5,d and Seng How Kuan1,5,e* 1Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia 5Centre for Advanced and Sustainable Materials Research (CASMR), Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
The presence of Fe impurities on kaolin surface as Fe oxide or oxyhydroxide typically contaminates the kaolin, resulting in brownish, red color in the final product and affecting its commercial quality linked to its whiteness.
Typically Fe (III) impurities in kaolin diminish its whiteness and the refractory properties of kaolin products, thus the quality of kaolin is often judged based on its Fe content [2].
Farnaud, A comprehensive review of bioleaching optimization by statistical approaches: recycling mechanisms, factors affecting, challenges, and sustainability, RSC Advances. 13(34) (2023) 23570–23589

Harvesting takes place in an extractive way, much of which is wasted due to factors such as seasonality, high moisture content and inadequate postharvest techniques [2].
This kind of processing does not intend to regenerate the properties and characteristics of the fresh fruit by rehydration but instead the dried fruit constitutes a new product, being consumed directly or used in the formulation of confectionery products, among others [3].
The samples were wiped gingerly with absorbent paper (towel paper) to remove excess water, being careful to avoid mechanical damages.
The OD in mechanical orbital agitation was performed at 60 rpm and 64 °Brix, while in ultrasonic bath it occurred at 20W and 60 °Brix.
In addition to the weather conditions, pseudo-equilibrium moisture and diffusion coefficient are affected by the structural and size changes that occur with the mangabas during drying.

The contact pressure would directly affect its retention torque.
The factor being studied was the speed used to fire the ball, the size of the ball, and the direction of the shooting.
The analysis of the ball swaging process chose to use Solid 164 element type with 8 nodes that had 9 degrees independent of freedom. 1.3 Define materials properties The quality of the materials could be determined in two ways.
The material properties were displayed in table 1.
Table 1 Shows the materials properties 1.4 Boundary Condition The steps to determine the boundary condition for finite element method involved determining the boundary condition in accordance with the type of the ball swaging process as closed as possible.