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It was interpreted in terms of adsorption-coupled reduction mechanism.
At pH 1, the maximum loading capacity of Cr (VI) according to UV - spectrometer data is 3.37 molkg-1 and that according to ICPS data is 2.1 molkg -1.
At pH 2 also, the maximum capacity evaluated from UV- data is found to be 2.71 molkg -1 and that from ICPS is 2.1 molkg -1.
Because the reduction rate of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) reduction is faster at pH 1 as will be described later; the difference in maximum loading capaities evaluated from UV and ICPS measurement is greater at pH 1 compared to that at pH 2.
The removal mechanism of Cr (VI) was its adsorption followed by reduction i.e. adsorption-coupled reduction mechanism.

The digital filters by WT and new TV are applied on the sample data of actual measurement system to investigate their performance of noise reduction.
The denoising methods by WT and new TV are applied on the sample data to study their performance of noise reduction.
Figure 10 shows the measured profile data and filtered profile data by WT and new TV.
Figure 11 shows the distributions of GBIR of (a) measured profile data and two profile data filtered with (b) WT and (c) new TV.
(a) Measured data (b) WT (c) new TV Fig. 10 Measured data and filtered data with two methods (a) Measured data (b) WT (c) new TV Fig. 11 Histograms of GBIR for raw and filtered data with two methods Table 3 Comparison of error and standard deviation Measured data Filtered by WT Filtered by new TV Error : d[μm] 0.0415 0.0409 -0.0061 Standard deviation : σGBIR[μm] 0.0330 0.0349 0.0364 References [1] H.

It was suggested that nitrite was the intermediate product during reduction of nitrate by SSI, and ammonium was the finial product of nitrate and nitrite reduction.
Consequently, the researchers have concentrate on the chemical reduction technology to treat nitrate in wastewater.
Utilizing the thermodynamic data, the E-pH diagram of Fe-N-H2O system could be plotted and shown in Fig. 1 when the initial speciation of nitrogen was nitrate in solution.
Combined the experiment results with the E-pH diagram of Fe-N-H2O system, it could be presumed that nitrite was the intermediate product during reduction of nitrate by zero-valent iron, and that ammonium was the finial product of nitrite reduction.
Lee, Chemical reduction of nitrate by nanosized iron: kinetics and pathways, Water Research, 39(2005) 884-894

Geodesic Distance Metric and FCM Clustering In order to mathematically identify clusters in a set of n data, let X be the data set {x1, x2… xn}.
The main potential of FCM is to detect the underlying structure in data, and get a clustering prototype of data set.
In this paper, the FCM clustering is considered as a process of preprocessing and used to analyze data set for generating the initial prototype of original data.
The FCM is adopted to cluster the original data, and the prototypes are taken as initial data for next genetic clustering.
As a result computational cost can also be made a considerable reduction.

Firstly, the theory of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to reduce the dimensions of measured data from traditional Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system.
Data Preprocessing and Dimension Reduction Based On PCA Missing Values Replacement, Stratified Random Sampling &Normalization Processing.The missing values in the matrix data should be replaced by the Moving Average Processing, to reduce the effect of the wrong monitoring data.
To ensure that the data used for model training is typical and universal, the matrix data will be sampling by the method of stratified random sampling.
The sizes of the train data set and test data set from stratified random sampling are 500*44 and 48*44.
To evaluate the accuracy and the generalization ability, the other 2 methods, Moving Average (M-A) and traditional Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) are established by the train data set, and tested by the test data set.

The above data confirm that Cr(VI) species as Cr2O72- cannot be directly stabilized by the pure MP system.
For Cr(VI) concentration larger than 0.7%, S2- can be more appropriate and further study about the mechanism of Cr(VI) reduction and immoboilization is required.
In this paper, simultaneous reduction and immobilization of Cr(VI) as Cr2O72- is investigated by one-step procedure using metakaolinite-based geopolymer added reductant.
Such a simultaneous reduction/immoboilization process enables the feasibility of using metakaolinite-based geopolymer complexed reductant to implement a one-step procedure for COPR cleanup.
Jing, Reduction and immobilization of chromate in chromite ore processing residue with nanoscale zero-valent iron, J.

A loss of anaerobic ferric iron reduction ability has been observed in ferrous iron-grown A. ferrooxidans CCM 4253 after aerobic passaging on elemental sulfur.
The authors proposed that Fe3+ reduction is mediated by an indirect chemical reaction with H2S in the acidic medium.
The MASCOT 2.2 search engine (MatrixScience, UK) was used for processing the MS/MS data.
List of selected proteins repressed in A. ferrooxidans CCM 4253 cells unable to catalyse ferric iron reduction during anaerobic sulfur oxidation.
Hydrogenase is a membrane-bound, nickel-containing enzyme produced under anaerobic conditions that catalyses the H2-dependent reduction of quinone.

Currently, these roll bite peaks are approximated with Heat Transfer Coefficients ‘HTC’ macroscopically tuned on measured mill data.
DESIGN OF THE TEMPERATURE SENSOR AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM (simulation analysis) An industrial hot rolling condition has been considered in the following simulation analysis: last roll revolution after 56 coils rolling on the 4th stand of a 6-stands finishing mill has been used for the following calculations: entry/exit thickness: 5.15/3.35 mm, roll speed = 7 m/s, entry strip temperature: 896°C, roll water cooling applied at entry and exit of the stand.
In agreement with previous simulation results, temperature signals during rolling have been stored using a 3.6 kHz data acquisition system.
Table 1: Pilot hot rolling test results Fig.6: Temperature signal for test n°10 Fig. 6 shows that the typical noise level on measured temperature signal is ~ +/- 0.5°C, which is a bit lower (though of same order) than the +/-1°C noise level used in simulations of the paragraph ‘design of the temperature sensor and data acquisition system’ of this paper.
a) 0.73 m/s – test n°10 b) 0.35 m/s – test n°11 Fig.11: Rolling speed influence on heat transfers –tests n°10&11 - strip reduction = 40% reduction.

Based on an analysis of the experimental data, possible reasons for the enhancement as a result of pre-annealing in the formation of cube orientation grains are discussed.
Despite the large amount of experimental data available, the detailed mechanisms for the development of the cube texture is far from completely clear, and may in fact vary with both alloy and with strain.
Following this idea some experiment data have confirmed that either slow heating and the use of a low temperature "recovery annealing" prior to recrystallization annealing are beneficial for the formation of viable cube recrystallization nuclei [4, 5].
Experimental Methods High-purity nickel (99.999% purity) was cold-rolled to 96% thickness reduction (ε = 3.9).
A detailed inspection of the EBSD data shows that an orientation gradient is observed along each cube band (Fig.2).

The unfrozen water content reduction of No.3 sample was the slowest, because it had the lowest water content and the least frost-heave and thawed amount.
(5)When the temperature of the sample met the test requirement, the NMR test was started and the test data were collected.
Fig.2 Changes of magnetization vector From NMR test data, the relationship of unfrozen water content and frozen temperature was obtained for 4 kinds of Mohe permafrost samples, as shown in Fig.3, Fig.4, Fig.5 and Fig.6.
In Fig.5 and Fig.6, under the condition of similar initial water content and density, the reduction rate of unfrozen water content of No.3 sample was lower than that of No.4 sample with the same amount of frozen temperature reduction.
Compared to the relationship in Fig.3, Fig.4 and Fig.6, the unfrozen water content reduction of No.3 sample was the slowest, because it had the lowest water content and the least frost-heave and thawed amount.