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This situation attributed to the increasing number of nucleation sites available for the growth of graphite nodules as observed by P.
In addition, the graphite nodule number of the inoculated samples increased as inoculant wt % increased, compliant with the notion that inoculation promotes the formation of graphite during eutectic solidification.
The microstructure also reveals segregation elements distributed along the grain boundary and Secondary Arm Spacing (DAS), indicating the presence of different alloy phases as shown in Fig. 5.
Increasing inoculation wt. % led to a decrease in the amount of carbide phase at grain boundaries resulted in higher mechanical properties.
Thus, the carbide accumulated at the edge of alloyed grain becomes lesser.

Because of the potential adverse impact on the surrounding environment and human health, a number of studies on clogging of LCSs have been conducted, but more is to consider the single factor.
Typical LCS design [11] Clog material composition A number of studies have been performed to investigate clog material composition of landfill LCSs (Table 1).
Brune [2] reported the results from the column tests on granular material with different grain size distributions (2-4 mm, 2-8 mm, 1-32 mm, 8-16 mm, 16-32 mm).
The numerical model analysis also showed that for the same drainage material, the rate of clogging in leachate collection systems is increased with an increase in the grain size of the drainage material [34-35].
Rowe, Effect of grain size on service life of MSW landfill drainage systems, Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 50 (2012) 1-14

On the ZnO’s plane {110} and {100}, their direction is parallel to the c axis, and the number of zinc atoms and oxygen atoms is same, that is to say they are non-polarity. {110} plane is a-plane, {100} plane is m-plane. a-plane and m-plane non-polar ZnO haven’t spontaneous polarization along the growth direction.
Spacing between zinc and oxygen atoms is dZn-O=1.94 Å, The coordination number is 4:4.
Due to the influence of preparation conditions, there always be some defects such as point defects [3], dislocations [4], grain boundaries [5], surface configuration [6] and interface configuration [7] in ZnO thin films.
But the resistivity of the film always greater than it in the bulk material under the same condition of carrier concentration, this is because there are some scattered bodies such as surface scattering and grain boundary scattering in the film body.
The Grain-boundary-related Optical and Electrical Properties in Polycrystallinep-type ZnO Films [J].

., the 4b site of the Cu2MnAl structure) and is not found at grain boundaries, etc.
As a result, the number of electrons in the conduction band increases, and overall, |S(T)| decreases.
The present series is characterised by an overwhelming contribution of the lattice, λph, to λ(T), while the electronic part, λe, (dashed lines at the bottom of Fig. 4, right panel) represents only a few percent of the total measured quantity as it is derived employing the Wiedemann Franz law using the standard value of the Lorenz number, L0 = 2.44 · 10−8 WΩK−2.
The phonon contribution to the thermal conductivity results from least squares fits employing Callaway's model, which assumes a Debye-like phononic spectrum and takes into account several scattering processes of the phonons, like on point defects, grain boundaries and charge carriers, as well as Umklapp processes.
The grain size, which can be derived from the Callaway model varies between 8 and 25 µm and does not show a regular concentration dependence.

There was also a dramatic increase in the number of base stations in China, as shown in Fig. 1b [5].
Statistical data of the number of (a) the annual car sales in China and the world [4], (b) the built base stations over the past six years [5].
If the grain density is not sufficiently high, the resulting structure will be conventional coarse dendrites, which is unbecoming for SSP [18].
Flemings, Grain refinement of an aluminum alloy by introducing gas bubbles during solidification, Scripta Materialia 55(2) (2006) 115-118
Fragner, The effect of chemical grain refinement and low superheat pouring on the structure of NRC castings of aluminium alloy Al–7Si–0.4Mg, Materials Science and Engineering: A 420(1–2) (2006) 135-143

The internal friction makes it possible to evaluate the tendency of a material to elastic lags, creep and grain boundary relaxation.
An examination of these micrographs shows that ferrite grains are of irregular shape and their size varies from 1.23 µm to 7.65 µm.
The permeability was calculated by using the relation [69]: L = 0.0046N2mih log10 (D1/D2), (13) where L is the inductance in μH, h is the height of the toroid, D1 and D2 are the outer and inner diameters and N is the number of turns (30–35 in this case) wound on the toroid.
Microstructural studies with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed uniform grain structure.
Ke, Experimental Evidence of the Viscous Behavior of Grain Boundaries in Metals, Phys.

The process of remolding and filling is that at first dried and pulverized (the diameter of grain is less than 0.1 mm), and then homogeneous watered the clay soil until the moisture content has been attained to optimum moisture content, at last filled the clay soil with the optimum moisture content into the model groove.
Embedded soil stress mini-cells into clay soil The number of soil stress mini-cells embedded into clay soil is 16, and the aim of these cells is measured the variation of vertical and horizontal stress during the course of penetrating by probe.
distance(cm) distance(cm) number number radial cells axial cells Fig 1 The embedded style figure of the second cell layer Analysis on test results According to the test results, during the course of penetrating, the subsidiary stress measured by the cells of the second cell layer has been acquired (as shown in Fig 2).
Acknowledgements This paper is supported jointly by National Natural Science Foundation of China (the approval number is 40172090 and 50809035), and the direct fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Hazards on Three Gorges Reservoir Area (China Three Gorges University), Ministry of Education (the approval number is 2008ZRJ06).

Fig. 3 shows an overview of the main influencing factors and the results from the large number of strip drawing tests.
The diagrams in Fig. 3 depict the effects of the main influencing factors such as number of holes, micro hole diameters and micro hole geometry (at 5 MPa and 15 MPa) on the friction coefficient.
Surface of radius inserts is polished using a diamond suspension (grain size 0.25 μm) after hardening to 60+2HRC.
Thus, a further increase of the number of injectors would probably not further improve the tribological system.
Conclusions to explain measured effects such as adhesion formation and saturation of number of injectors were drawn.

On comparing the properties of some materials on the tab.1, we decided to growth interlayer on the Ti6Al4V substrate, one of which is Ti and Ti-DLC alternation layer composed of cycle number 7, another is alternation layer of Ti and TiN plus alternation layer of Ti and Ti-DLC respectively cycle number 7, and then The softer Tix-DLC layer（x is 18.8%） and harder Tiy-DLC layer (y is 8.8%） be alternate arranged to form the thicker multilayer, cycle number is 15, In order to increase the hardness, decrease the friction coefficient, top layer is the multilayer DLC of cycle number 10 prepared by ion assisted [10], thickness of single layers is 26nm.
From TEM cross-sections of figure 3, we can find that there are some black grains, but no peak of nano-crystal TiC which have been reported in LinSunSheng' work[11], found in XPS, XRD spectrumn.
The Raman spectrum ofr sample 1# and multilayer sample 2# are the same, and correspond to high-quality DLC, indicating that the argon ion alternative etching and sputtering have little infection on structure of films. 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Relative intensity Wave number /cm-1 1# multilayer 2# Fig. 4, the Raman spectrum of sample 1# and multilayer sample 2# XPS spectrum.

The main raw materials and agents used in this experiment were nano-Al2O3 (VK-L30), whose crystal structure and type was in α phase, average grain size was 30nm, the assay of Al2O3 was more than 99.99%; silicane coupling agent KH550; absolute ethyl alcohol; 10% sodium hydroxide solution, and 10% hydrochloric acid solution.
(2) In the formulas: A and A’ stand for absorbency, K and K’ stand for constants of proportionality, b stands for the thickness of absorption cell; c stands for the concentration of samples, ν stands for the particle number in unit volume.
When a beam of light is illuminating through a disperse system, the absorption of light can show the particle number in unit volume.
However, at wave numbers of 3447cm-1 and 2975cm-1 the peak intensity of hydroxyl have remarkably weakened after modification, which indicates that the number of hydroxyl has decreased.
Absorption peaks corresponding to those of KH550 appear at wave numbers of 2926.21cm-1, 1604.37cm-1, 1002.58cm-1, which have not been found in the unmodified Al2O3, particularly 1604.37cm-1, 1002.58cm-1 respectively corresponding to the characteristic absorption peaks of –NH2 and Si-O-Si of KH550.