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This paper describes observations related to the fundamental properties of reinforcing steel such as buckling, hardening, diminishing yield plateau and growth of curvature, Bauschinger effect, and low-cycle fatigue and strength degradation that are relevant to the overall task of developing an accurate material model for use in seismic response analysis of reinforced concrete structures.
A simple bilinear model, however, is still commonly adopted as the constitutive model of reinforcing steel in nonlinear analysis for RC structures while confined concrete properties are modeled using confined models proposed by Mander et al [1], Hoshikuma et al [2], etc.
(a) (b) Figure 1: Comparison of interstory drift demands in a moment frame building subjected to a strong ground motion - (a) Different models of reinforcing steel and Mander model for confined concrete; (b) Different models of reinforcing steel and Hoshikuma model for confined concrete Although there certainly are other important factors affecting seismic structural response such as concrete confinement, non-stationary characteristics of earthquakes, beam-column joint properties, etc., this paper, however, only focuses on thoroughly investigating and describing the main features of reinforcing steel, which need to be incorporated in a robust constitutive model of reinforcing steel.
The concepts described here are expected to contribute to future research on improving the modeling of reinforcing steel as well as to comprehend essential and critical properties of reinforcing steel bars observed during both monotonic and cyclic tests.
Coffin: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 76 (1954), pp. 931-950

The process is quite simple, and it has no adverse effect on other properties of concrete.
Both of the two factors result in slump loss of concrete. [4] Material analysis.
Both of the two factors above can increase the consistence of fresh concrete, thus decreasing the slump of fresh concrete.
Properties of aggregate, such as the maximum grain size, shape, texture, graduation, water-absorbing capacity and so on, can affect the workability of fresh concrete on different levels.
Unit water dosage is the most important factor for the fluidity of concrete.

The performance of electrodes in the microplastic removal process using the electrocoagulation method is influenced by several factors, including electrolysis time, voltage intensity, electrolyte concentration and others.
The presence of electrons in the solution can affect the rate of electrochemical reactions.
The electrochemical equilibrium that occurs is the balance between the microplastic removal rate and factors that hinder microplastic removal efficiency, such as excessive sediment formation on the electrode, high foam production, and the possibility of microplastic deflocculation.
Xing, “Dynamic membrane for micro-particle removal in wastewater treatment: Performance and influencing factors,” Sci.
Staszak, “Study of surface properties of aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of hydrochloric acid and heavy metal ions,” J.

Their results showed that the choice of tool coating was the main factor influencing tool life and the primary tool wear mechanism was adhesive wear, which affected the CrN coating to a greater extent [2].
The experimental results showed that significant flank wear was the predominant failure mode affecting the tool life and the tool flank wear propagation in the up milling operations was more rapid than that in the down milling operations [3].
It was strengthened by depositing and deformed at high temperature, which has high strength, high fatigue property, and fine plasticity.
The chemical composition of the Ni/Al superalloy used in this work was listed in Table 1 and the main properties were described in Table 2.
Table 1 Chemical composition of Ni/Al superalloy C Cr Al Ti Hf W Ni 0.06-0.20 7.40-8.20 7.60-8.50 0.60-1.20 0.300-0.900 1.50-2.50 Balanced Table 2 Physical properties of Ni/Al superalloy Heat conductivity coefficient [W/(m·K)] Linear expansion coefficient [10-6/K] Hardness [HRC] Specific heat capacity [J/(kg·K)] 9.64 12.39 29 469 Two types of cemented carbide milling tools were utilized in this paper, the specification of which is shown in Table 1.

Such contradictorily adhesion events could be triggered by surface properties.
These titanium surface functionalizations were found to have either an antimicrobial activity or cell-adhesive properties.
Thus, the physico-chemical properties of the implant surface like roughness, purity or a thin coating, affect the cellular response in vitro and in vivo.
Therefore, it is worthwhile to characterize coating properties in more detail.
All in all, surface properties of PPAAm-Cu PIII-TiP and PPAAm-TiP seem to be similar to a large extent.

Therefore, elastic modulus is not the only factor that affects retention rates, other factors also play a role.
The loss of marginal adaptation is one of the most important factors that show the failure of a restoration and the reason for replacement [27].
This result was related to the good physical and mechanical properties of materials used.
Sun, Calcium and Phosphate Ion Releasing Composite: Effect of pH on Release and Mechanical Properties, Dent Mater. 25 (2009) 535-42
Wang, Mechanical properties and microstructures of glass ionomer cements, Dent Mater. 16 (2000) 129-38

Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Study for MWD Hybrid Excitation Generator Du Xiao1, a, Li Desheng1, b, Lin Enhuai1, College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology Beijing University of Technology 1NO.100 Pingleyuan, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China,100124 aduxiao.63@163.com, bdsli@bjut.edu.cn Key word: MWD; Hybrid excitation generator; FEM; Experimental Abstract: To obtain the stable output voltage, a new type of MWD hybrid excitation generator is designed in which magnetic flux can be regulated from -2% to 22%.
In this hybrid excitation section, the permanent magnetic circuit through shaft and shell (called axial flux) was affected by the length of magnet pole.
These analyses addressed that length of iron pole and area of shaft was key factors and they affected the magnetic circuit distribution and regulation characteristics.
Literature References [1] Wang Zhiming, Guo Yun, Shang Jie: Design and experimental study for MWD hybrid excitation machine, china petroleum machinery. (2011) [2] Shen Yue, Su Yinao, Li Lin, Li Gensheng: Operating property analysis of MWD permanent magnet synchronous generator, china petroleum machinery. (2008) [3] Zhao Chaohui, Zhang Zhuoran, Qin Haio: The structure and principle of the hybrid excitation motor. (2010) [4] Zou Jibin, Fu Xinghe.

However, the microstructure of the conventionally cast sample was fully dendritic with shrinkage which affects the soundness of casting products.
These alloys achieve mechanical properties similar to many commonly used cast irons and a significantly greater specific strength [3].
The average grain sizes and shape factors for GISS samples are shown in Fig. 4.
Average grain sizes and shape factors of GISS samples.

Although the PET is a plastic that does not have high sufficient mechanical properties to apply it in construction, it could be mixed or chemically modified by the addition of a ceramic material as the clay, sand or gravel.
Polymer concrete properties could be modified according to the applications to vary not only mineral but also the characteristics of the bonding polymer fills application.
This behavior indicated that material did not suffer a great thermal degradation, so the molecular structure of polymer was not affected, being the dispersion of clay in the polymer the main factor that influenced the increase of the hardness of the material [5].

A508-3 steel, ferrite, developed with the China rapid nuclear development, should have good weld-ability, strength, impact property and toughness.
For the reasons of saving space in nuclear surveillance capsule and increasing safety of operating high irradiation specimen, the small specimen test technique has been developed in nuclear material mechanical tests.
(9) (10) Where: in this paper, M is the constraint factor valued 30, and the ri is the weighting factor valued 1/6, ni is the number of valid data, here valued 7.
We can find that the ratio is quite close, and it means that the plastic deformation can efficiently affect the fracture toughness.
For the 1/4CT specimen, the plain strain region transform into plain stress region made the plastic deformation larger, and affects the fracture toughness directly in lower the reference temperature.