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Online since: September 2011
Authors: Xu Feng Hu, Shan Zhu Xiao, Huan Zhang Lu
The stability of a crystal oscillator means fluctuating of the frequency in a sampling period and is described by Allan variance[5]:
(2)
Le M be a multiple of frequency difference;letbe sampling time;let m be number of sampling group;let m+1 be sampling number;let be the given frequency value;let and be i and i+1 measured value。
In the proposed method these two parameters were measured by hardware according to the counting number the crystal oscillator.
[10] Jeremy Elson , Lewis Girod, Deborah Estrin, Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts, Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation, Boston, Massachusetts (2002).
In the proposed method these two parameters were measured by hardware according to the counting number the crystal oscillator.
[10] Jeremy Elson , Lewis Girod, Deborah Estrin, Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts, Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation, Boston, Massachusetts (2002).
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Milan Nič, Jarmila Nováčiková
A smaller distance provides more measurement points (square the number of points), thereby prolonging the measurement itself and increasing the cost.
Measuring grid around the measured building is made of the required number of positions of surveying device.
The main disadvantage of laser scanning is still relatively small number of these devices in Slovakia, their high costs and the high price of daily rent.
Test cubes with edges of 150 mm, made of Portland cement grade 42.5 MPa and crushed quarried stone with max. grain of 20mm, imitated the subsurface of the building facade.
Measuring grid around the measured building is made of the required number of positions of surveying device.
The main disadvantage of laser scanning is still relatively small number of these devices in Slovakia, their high costs and the high price of daily rent.
Test cubes with edges of 150 mm, made of Portland cement grade 42.5 MPa and crushed quarried stone with max. grain of 20mm, imitated the subsurface of the building facade.
Online since: October 2013
Authors: Zhi Jun Zhang
There are a number of motives for building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits.
Materials Efficiency Building materials typically considered to be ‘green’ include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete), etc.)
Regulation and Operation As a result of the increased interest in green building concepts and practices, a number of organizations have developed standards, codes and rating systems that let government regulators, building professionals and consumers embrace green building with confidence.
The number of credits generally determines the level of achievement.
Materials Efficiency Building materials typically considered to be ‘green’ include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal (see: copper sustainability and recyclability), and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, sea grass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fiber plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete), etc.)
Regulation and Operation As a result of the increased interest in green building concepts and practices, a number of organizations have developed standards, codes and rating systems that let government regulators, building professionals and consumers embrace green building with confidence.
The number of credits generally determines the level of achievement.
Online since: May 2014
Authors: Dong Hong Zhang, De Qiong Wu, Shan Shan Sun, Zhi Fu Fang
Research based on the experimental results is receive/receive synchronization protocol, the basis of reference by a large number of literature [5-9], and based on the theory of synchronization precision of the algorithm is derived.
Fig.2 Synchronism trigger signal transferring delay Synchronous trigger radio synchronous trigger signal transmission time delay process is shown in Fig. 2; Synchronous trigger received after the trigger signal, recording time, build synchronous trigger signal, and send to the link layer from the network layer, once detected idle channel, broadcast simultaneously trigger signal time-stamped, before send broadcast synchronous trigger signal, synchronization trigger need send lead code and initial character, in order to receive synchronous sensor nodes, according to the number of bits of information sent by a and send every bit need time, you can estimate the lead code and start sending time of the characters, sensor nodes in time synchronization trigger signal reaches time-stamped, recording time, before I start the high-speed sampling trigger to the sensor nodes to send and receive delay for [9], For the uncertain time delay.
Number of nodes in the trigger
Fine-Grained Network Time-Synchronization using Reference Broadcasts.
Fig.2 Synchronism trigger signal transferring delay Synchronous trigger radio synchronous trigger signal transmission time delay process is shown in Fig. 2; Synchronous trigger received after the trigger signal, recording time, build synchronous trigger signal, and send to the link layer from the network layer, once detected idle channel, broadcast simultaneously trigger signal time-stamped, before send broadcast synchronous trigger signal, synchronization trigger need send lead code and initial character, in order to receive synchronous sensor nodes, according to the number of bits of information sent by a and send every bit need time, you can estimate the lead code and start sending time of the characters, sensor nodes in time synchronization trigger signal reaches time-stamped, recording time, before I start the high-speed sampling trigger to the sensor nodes to send and receive delay for [9], For the uncertain time delay.
Number of nodes in the trigger
Fine-Grained Network Time-Synchronization using Reference Broadcasts.
Online since: December 2013
Authors: M.Sh. Nikhamkin, B. Bolotov
Outer sheets (pressure and suction surfaces) are made of Ti-6A1-4V alloy with the grain size up to 10mcm.
Under the mentioned technique the blade is considered (viewed) as vibration system having the finite degree of freedom (DOF) number.
Experimental detection of natural frequencies for undamped system w0r (r=1,2…n –natural frequency number) and corresponding natural mode vectors is based on the analysis of frequency response function matrix [H], where each element Нij(ω ) is the measurement result for a separate vibration characteristics [12]: , (1) where Xi(w) is the frequency function of vibration velocity (or acceleration) in point i against the excitation Fj(w) in point j.
Under laser vibrometry the scanning net included up to 3319 points and under the impact modal analysis the point number was up to 170.
Under the mentioned technique the blade is considered (viewed) as vibration system having the finite degree of freedom (DOF) number.
Experimental detection of natural frequencies for undamped system w0r (r=1,2…n –natural frequency number) and corresponding natural mode vectors is based on the analysis of frequency response function matrix [H], where each element Нij(ω ) is the measurement result for a separate vibration characteristics [12]: , (1) where Xi(w) is the frequency function of vibration velocity (or acceleration) in point i against the excitation Fj(w) in point j.
Under laser vibrometry the scanning net included up to 3319 points and under the impact modal analysis the point number was up to 170.
Online since: October 2018
Authors: Mikhail P. Kuz'min, V.V. Kondratiev, L.M. Larionov
Nevertheless, this method has a number of significant drawbacks, namely, large non-recoverable waste of metal, low assimilation of silicon fines (less than 5–6 mm), and high energy costs.
In other words, to prepare a 5–7% pre-eutectic alloy, 200 grams of SiO2 were added into the melt (as opposed to the required number of 111–155 g).
There are a number of factors complicating the production of silumins while using amorphous microsilica by its simple introduction into an aluminum melt: 1) insufficient contact area of the microsilica powder and the melt [10]; 2) the presence of the films on the surface of microsilica particles that interfere with effective interaction at the boundaries between the liquid and solid phases [10–13]; 3) the presence of the air in the powder of 40–50 vol.%, which reduces its density, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity [14–20].
The map for silicon distribution in specimens of the alloy obtained clearly demonstrated the presence of silicon inclusions over aluminum grain boundaries (Fig. 2d), which are practically absent in the original metal (Fig. 2b).
In other words, to prepare a 5–7% pre-eutectic alloy, 200 grams of SiO2 were added into the melt (as opposed to the required number of 111–155 g).
There are a number of factors complicating the production of silumins while using amorphous microsilica by its simple introduction into an aluminum melt: 1) insufficient contact area of the microsilica powder and the melt [10]; 2) the presence of the films on the surface of microsilica particles that interfere with effective interaction at the boundaries between the liquid and solid phases [10–13]; 3) the presence of the air in the powder of 40–50 vol.%, which reduces its density, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity [14–20].
The map for silicon distribution in specimens of the alloy obtained clearly demonstrated the presence of silicon inclusions over aluminum grain boundaries (Fig. 2d), which are practically absent in the original metal (Fig. 2b).
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Lian Ying Zou, Ying Zhou, Yu Chen, Xiang Dong
In this paper, the feature point achieved algorithm is counting the change numbers of eight neighborhood points.
(5) is the cross line numbers of point P, where P9=P1.
Thirdly, calculate the cross line numbers between tracking point and its 8 neighborhood points.
Track grain line in three directions, and record the coordinate values of all points in the tracking path into array trace, until the three-direction tracking step length is equal to threshold value or another cross-point is met.
(5) is the cross line numbers of point P, where P9=P1.
Thirdly, calculate the cross line numbers between tracking point and its 8 neighborhood points.
Track grain line in three directions, and record the coordinate values of all points in the tracking path into array trace, until the three-direction tracking step length is equal to threshold value or another cross-point is met.
Online since: September 2020
Authors: Banjuraizah Johar, Tinesha Selvaraj, Shing Fhan Khor
Large number of defects in the form of coarse inter-agglomerates pores and microcracks, which strongly affect the mechanical parameters.
Acknowledgement The author would like to acknowledge the support from the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) under a grant number of FRGS/2/2014/SG06/UNIMAP/02/8 from the Ministry of Education Malaysia and ADTEC Taiping Institute.
Matsuo, Stochastic analysis on coordination number distribution of particles during powder compaction, Adv.
Burggraaf, Powder preparation and compaction behaviour of fine-grained Y-TZP, J. of Mater.
Acknowledgement The author would like to acknowledge the support from the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) under a grant number of FRGS/2/2014/SG06/UNIMAP/02/8 from the Ministry of Education Malaysia and ADTEC Taiping Institute.
Matsuo, Stochastic analysis on coordination number distribution of particles during powder compaction, Adv.
Burggraaf, Powder preparation and compaction behaviour of fine-grained Y-TZP, J. of Mater.
Online since: March 2008
Authors: Hong Ye, Zhong Lin Yan
Table 1 provides the composition analysis results of zones marked by numbers in Fig. 2.
Fig.2 Microstructure and elements distribution of beginning part of the modified layer Fig.3 Microstructure and elements distribution of ending part of modified layer Table 1 Analysis results of zones marked by numbers in Fig.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 substrate modification layer Microhardness / HV0.05 Distance from surface / um Fig.4 Microhardness distribution of the depth along the modified layer Microhardness.
In the melting zone of substrate, the refined grain size due to rapid melting and solidification brings the hardness up to 130 HV0.05.
Composition [wt.%] Marked numbers Mg Al 1 2.33 97.67 2 41.40 58.60 3 56.36 43.64 4 74.91 25.09 5 89.70 10.30 6 92.63 7.37 Corrosion Resistance.
Fig.2 Microstructure and elements distribution of beginning part of the modified layer Fig.3 Microstructure and elements distribution of ending part of modified layer Table 1 Analysis results of zones marked by numbers in Fig.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 substrate modification layer Microhardness / HV0.05 Distance from surface / um Fig.4 Microhardness distribution of the depth along the modified layer Microhardness.
In the melting zone of substrate, the refined grain size due to rapid melting and solidification brings the hardness up to 130 HV0.05.
Composition [wt.%] Marked numbers Mg Al 1 2.33 97.67 2 41.40 58.60 3 56.36 43.64 4 74.91 25.09 5 89.70 10.30 6 92.63 7.37 Corrosion Resistance.
Online since: January 2009
Authors: Jian Qing Wu, Qing Xia Zhu, Qing Feng, He Ping Wang
The ratio of the attached and proliferated
cell numbers to the cultured cell numbers was defined as the cell attachment rate and the cell
proliferation rate, respectively.
2.4 characterizations.
Fig.2 SEM morphologies of CHA reacted with SBF for different times (a)3 days; (b)6 days;(c) 12 days;(d) 24 days After immersion for 3 days, although there was no obvious mineralized layer on the surface of sample CHA, the grain boundaries became blurred, attributable to the dissolution of sample(Fig 2.a); after immersion for 6 days, the HCA crystals of low crystallinity with the size of 30 ~ 40nm were precipitated in the sample surface and distributed relatively evenly (Fig 2.b); thereafter, the material surface was covered by the leaf-like HCA with the length of 150-200nm (Fig 2.c); HCA layer continued to grow with the increase of the reaction time.
On the other hand, the initial attachment of cells was higher on CHA than on HA and that cell number did not differ in long-term culture (Fig 4.b), indicating the poor affinity of the HA surface for cells induced a delay in the initial cell attachment rather than a change in cell growth or differentiation.
Fig.2 SEM morphologies of CHA reacted with SBF for different times (a)3 days; (b)6 days;(c) 12 days;(d) 24 days After immersion for 3 days, although there was no obvious mineralized layer on the surface of sample CHA, the grain boundaries became blurred, attributable to the dissolution of sample(Fig 2.a); after immersion for 6 days, the HCA crystals of low crystallinity with the size of 30 ~ 40nm were precipitated in the sample surface and distributed relatively evenly (Fig 2.b); thereafter, the material surface was covered by the leaf-like HCA with the length of 150-200nm (Fig 2.c); HCA layer continued to grow with the increase of the reaction time.
On the other hand, the initial attachment of cells was higher on CHA than on HA and that cell number did not differ in long-term culture (Fig 4.b), indicating the poor affinity of the HA surface for cells induced a delay in the initial cell attachment rather than a change in cell growth or differentiation.