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Endurance measurement: evolution of the flat-band voltage for the write and erase state with the number of write/erase cycles performed.
Figure 7. a) SEM plan view image of as deposited titanium oxide nanoparticle film b) SEM plan view image of high-voltage titanium oxide nanoparticle film, larger grains are visible compared with case (a).
On the other hand, the high-voltage sample (Figure 7b and Figure 7d) exhibit a NP film with large grains, much larger than the single NPs, with a mean diameter of ~20-30 nm.

Yao et al. [7] combined SPS and resistance sintering under a high pressure and obtained dense tungsten with very fine grains.
It enabled low temperature sintering and produced dense zirconia and ceria ceramics with very fine grain size.
A part of this work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 23560799.

The objective is to reveal components of NRM that are carried by ferromagnetic grains within a particular interval of coercivity or blocking temperature. .Resistance to demagnetization is often discussed in terms of stability of NRM,with low-stability components easily demagnetized and high-stability components removed only at high levels of demagnetization.
From the result NRM measurement of three core samples that are representative of core samples measured after given AFD up to 800 Oe, one representative sample result as number of 102 can be seen in the figure 2 A.
The measurement of Isothermal Remanent Magnetization (IRM) and Anhysteretic Magnetization (ARM) will see the carrier mineral magnetic properties and grain size of particles carrying magnetic properties of core.

Availability of electricity, household appliances and an ever-increasing number of smart applications has led to the concept of 'Responsive Architecture' [2] in the late 1960´s.
Within the reshaping process of both production methods an ultra-fine-grained (UFG) structure and therefore a material solidification occurs in the transformed area optimizing structural behaviour [12,13,14].
Müller: Formation of ultrafine-grained microstructure in HSLA steel profiles by linear flow splitting, in: Journal of Material Sciences 43, (2008) pp. 7307-7312 [13] C.

By mathematically increasing the number of grains to infinity in this micromechanical model, Ikeda et al. [15,16] have obtained a new macroscopic constitutive model, which is considerably easier to operate.
This means that infinitesimal grains are arranged continuously in order of the energy required for the phase transformation (RTE: required transformation energy) from the bottom.

The absence of work hardening during plastic deformation somehow has an analogy with those observed in some ultrafine-grained metals made for instance by severely plastic deformation [6], and in quasicrystals as well [7].
A number of spherical i-phase particles precipitate, which is embedded in a glass matrix.
Most likely, the dislocations in nano i-phase were not thermally activated at low temperatures, and the nanometer scaled grains are free of dislocations.

The conjunctive mortars of the initial construction are lime mortars of two types: - White, coarse-grained - Red, medium-grained, with splinters of ceramic material (Axiotidou et al. 2007).
Creation of the Model During the formation of the model a number of problems had to be solved, concerning the lack of symmetry, the complexity of the various chambers and corridors in the interior of the tower and the lack of knowledge concerning the thickness of the cylindrical body, the foundation of the monument and the material properties.

Researchers have reported that Ni and Cr crystals in the case of specimens annealed in air, form oxides such as CrxOy or NijOk which provides a reduction of the grain distribution and uniform pore structure in stable condition [5].
Grain size and particle analysis was also performed for the deposited nanorings to yield statistical data about their dimensions in Fig. 3 c) and d).
Depositions number 2 and 9 presented nanorings

For the negligible depletion region width W such calculations were carried out for a dislocation parallel to the surface [15] and for a grain boundary [16].
Calculations of EBIC contrast for quasi-two-dimensional dislocation trails was carried out using the expression for the contrast of grain boundary perpendicular to a surface derived in [16] and corrected for a finite W dk)z,x(g)]Wz(k[Sin)xexp( s k dxdz Is C Wc max − − + ∫∫∫= ∞∞ ∞− ∞ λ λλ π 2 1 2 0 2 0 , (3) where s = S/D and 222 1 L/k +=λ .
The contrast from different trails changes from 0.5 to 4% that could be determined by a different number of dislocations moving along the corresponding slip planes.

For a smaller number of layers (n = 4) the fitting was worse (~2%) and nonhomogeneity of surface layer was not so obvious.
In this series of samples the grains of 500 nm in size and ~50 nm in height form larger clusters of ~1500 nm in diameter and 150-200 nm in height.
The AFM observations revealed that the topmost layer for sample formed at etching p-Si (0.09 3 cm) for 30 min at 15 mA/cm2 was relatively smooth with ~50 nm grains of 20-50 nm in height, though some large defects of 10 µm in size and ~1 µm in height were observed.