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Online since: December 2010
Authors: Bing Hai Zhou, Zi Qing Zhai
Wu pointed out that a Markov chain model with a transition probability matrix based on statistical data does not accurately describe a pit growth process.
The experiment data are a set of parallel samples of the accelerated lifetime test.
The estimation quality obtained with the proposed pit initiation model and the proposed pit depth model are acceptable for these “realistic” simulated data.
As the experimental data which are used to simulate the model are obtained by accelerated lifetime test, the failure time obtained by simulations is less than the failure time of pitting corrosion under natural conditions.
This is a drastic reduction compared to other statistical approaches in the literature which require a tremendous amount of data for the statistical models. 2) The proposed model is valid and feasible and has the capable to simulate pitting corrosion of pot facilities. 3) The proposed model can be used to formulate the preventive maintenance plans, repair plans and overhaul plans.
The experiment data are a set of parallel samples of the accelerated lifetime test.
The estimation quality obtained with the proposed pit initiation model and the proposed pit depth model are acceptable for these “realistic” simulated data.
As the experimental data which are used to simulate the model are obtained by accelerated lifetime test, the failure time obtained by simulations is less than the failure time of pitting corrosion under natural conditions.
This is a drastic reduction compared to other statistical approaches in the literature which require a tremendous amount of data for the statistical models. 2) The proposed model is valid and feasible and has the capable to simulate pitting corrosion of pot facilities. 3) The proposed model can be used to formulate the preventive maintenance plans, repair plans and overhaul plans.
Online since: April 2020
Authors: Biprodip Mukherjee, Sankar Prasad Maity, Subhasish Das
As per the data received, the inputs were incorporated and accordingly the results are interpreted.
A discussion was made about open and closed loop pressure control for leakage reduction of pipes [13].
Reynolds, Open and closed loop pressure control for leakage reduction, J.
A discussion was made about open and closed loop pressure control for leakage reduction of pipes [13].
Reynolds, Open and closed loop pressure control for leakage reduction, J.
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Guang Fan Li, Wan Cheng He, Xiao Feng Wu
Through the establishment of mechanical calculation model based on hydrated film bearing surfaces, obtained the extended soil effective stress equation.Combined with the physical significance of permeability coefficient and substantial experimental data, establish the fitting equation between permeability coefficient and new proposed physical parameter channel rate.
Based on above data we take Ds=35μm-2μm, and Dt =500Å-15000Å.
Table 1 Experimental data of red clay k (cm/s) 3.11×10-8 3.77×10-8 4.79×10-8 6.74×10-8 7.4×10-8 9.7×10-8 lgk -3.942 -4.610 -5.435 -6.629 -6.954 -7.89 Ds (μm) 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.9 5 5.2 Dt (μm) 1.48 1.32 1.22 1.22 1.2 1.1 ξ 0 0 0 0.023058 0.065062 0.11653 Table 2 Experimental data of silt clay k (cm/s) 3.02×10-5 3.2×10-5 3.9×10-5 5.4×10-5 6.6×10-5 8.9×10-5 lgk -2.400 -2.525 -2.955 -3.662 -4.0978 -4.747 Ds (μm) 6.2 6.4 6.9 8.1 8.5 9.0 Dt (μm) 0.69 0.67 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.59 ξ 0.61146 0.63668 0.68697 0.74559 0.75836 0.78055 Table 3 Experimental data of plain fill k (cm/s) 2.79×10-4 3.17×10-4 4.11×10-4 6.74×10-4 7.4×10-4 8.1×10-4 lgk -1.782 -2.004 -2.455 -3.315 -3.477 -3.634 Ds(μm) 10.2 11.7 12.9 13.3 13.7
14.1 Dt(μm) 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 ξ 0.80088 0.83359 0.85505 0.86982 0.88362 0.89654 By the above experimental data in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3, we respectively obtain the fitting equation of the three soil samples as given below
Experimental study on reduction of groundwater buoyancy [J].
Based on above data we take Ds=35μm-2μm, and Dt =500Å-15000Å.
Table 1 Experimental data of red clay k (cm/s) 3.11×10-8 3.77×10-8 4.79×10-8 6.74×10-8 7.4×10-8 9.7×10-8 lgk -3.942 -4.610 -5.435 -6.629 -6.954 -7.89 Ds (μm) 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.9 5 5.2 Dt (μm) 1.48 1.32 1.22 1.22 1.2 1.1 ξ 0 0 0 0.023058 0.065062 0.11653 Table 2 Experimental data of silt clay k (cm/s) 3.02×10-5 3.2×10-5 3.9×10-5 5.4×10-5 6.6×10-5 8.9×10-5 lgk -2.400 -2.525 -2.955 -3.662 -4.0978 -4.747 Ds (μm) 6.2 6.4 6.9 8.1 8.5 9.0 Dt (μm) 0.69 0.67 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.59 ξ 0.61146 0.63668 0.68697 0.74559 0.75836 0.78055 Table 3 Experimental data of plain fill k (cm/s) 2.79×10-4 3.17×10-4 4.11×10-4 6.74×10-4 7.4×10-4 8.1×10-4 lgk -1.782 -2.004 -2.455 -3.315 -3.477 -3.634 Ds(μm) 10.2 11.7 12.9 13.3 13.7
14.1 Dt(μm) 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.45 ξ 0.80088 0.83359 0.85505 0.86982 0.88362 0.89654 By the above experimental data in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3, we respectively obtain the fitting equation of the three soil samples as given below
Experimental study on reduction of groundwater buoyancy [J].
Online since: September 2008
Authors: Patrick Terriault, Francisco C. Lovey, Vicenç Torra, Antonio Isalgué, F. Martorell, M.L. Perea
The second aspect relates an elementary
approach to the damping of stayed cables in bridges, using some data from the Iroise Bridge.
The second aspect relates an elementary approach to the damping of stayed cables in bridges, using, some data, from the Iroise Bridge.
The fig. 7 shows the experimental and calculated data from the 9-bilinear model.
Figure 7 Hysteresis cycles with internal loops for CuAlBe (left) (wire: 3.4 mm of diameter) and for NiTi (right) (wire: 2.46 mm of diameter), experimental and calculated data.
Data are available for the behavior of the stay cable H3Q22 (the third by its length in fig. 9, right), because it had been instrumented in 2005 [6].
The second aspect relates an elementary approach to the damping of stayed cables in bridges, using, some data, from the Iroise Bridge.
The fig. 7 shows the experimental and calculated data from the 9-bilinear model.
Figure 7 Hysteresis cycles with internal loops for CuAlBe (left) (wire: 3.4 mm of diameter) and for NiTi (right) (wire: 2.46 mm of diameter), experimental and calculated data.
Data are available for the behavior of the stay cable H3Q22 (the third by its length in fig. 9, right), because it had been instrumented in 2005 [6].
Online since: February 2012
Authors: Jun Lu, Juan Zhao, Ya Qin Zhang, Peng Chen, Liao Liao
During summer months, due to the higher altitude of sun, absorber at small inclination with the horizontal plane captures more solar radiation, but suffers with reduction in the stack height.
Calculation of convective heat exchange coefficient and heat flux Air physical property data is inqured according to the qualitative temperature .To the level wall with an hot surface upward or a cold surface downward where tw=const, the shape size of rectangle is the average of the two varying sizes.
The the air's heat absorption is as follows: Qtotal = Q S= 4.2 heat balance of as storing Air physical property data is inqured according to the qualitative temperature.
In addition it contributes to the aim of Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction.
Calculation of convective heat exchange coefficient and heat flux Air physical property data is inqured according to the qualitative temperature .To the level wall with an hot surface upward or a cold surface downward where tw=const, the shape size of rectangle is the average of the two varying sizes.
The the air's heat absorption is as follows: Qtotal = Q S= 4.2 heat balance of as storing Air physical property data is inqured according to the qualitative temperature.
In addition it contributes to the aim of Energy Conservation & Emission Reduction.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Bin Zhang, Shang Gui Deng, Hui Min Lin
Laksmanan et al. [21] showed the reduction in textural properties to be a consequence of weakened connective tissue and the Z-lines in salt-cured salmon to be completely extinguished after storage.
After analysis of the data set using LDA, the 0-7 d storage samples were also distinguishable from each other (Fig. 4).
The hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness data indicated that the texture properties of the fish had a reduction trend in all variables after a long time storage, which could be fitted by polynomial or rational function model.
After analysis of the data set using LDA, the 0-7 d storage samples were also distinguishable from each other (Fig. 4).
The hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness data indicated that the texture properties of the fish had a reduction trend in all variables after a long time storage, which could be fitted by polynomial or rational function model.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Tian Rong Guo
Shamsi et al [3] have reported that the combined application of Cd and Al enhances their accumulation in roots but causes a reduction in shoots.
All data presented are the mean values of three replicates.
However, data available on the relationship between Al or Cd and these microelements provide contradicting results.
Nutrients contents in barley roots under 20 d stress exposure expressed as the percentage of control (%) Al concentration (μM) Cd added (μM) Ca Mg Fe Zn 0 0 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 h 0.0 a 1 1.4* a -1.6 a 2.1 h -3.2 a 5 -8.8 c -38.6 b 8.1 g -18.1 b 10 -16.3 d -54.2 d 20.1 f -31.1 c 30 0 -18.7 e -36.4 b 31.7 e -31.2 c 1 -14.6 d -30.6 b 29.6 e -46.9 d 5 -7.5 c -44.9 c 52.8 b -43.1 d 10 -3.7 b -52.9 d 42.7 c -60.7 f 60 0 -20.7 e -53.1 d 47.8 c -56.1 e 1 -18.9 e -50.6 d 44.6 c -60.3 f 5 -25.5 f -67.1 g 87.2 a -74.3 h 10 -3.2 b -57.6 e 54.7 b -56.0 e 90 0 -19.5 e -65.6 g 44.3 c -62.1 f 1 -18.6 e -62.3 f 42.9 c -60.9 f 5 -14.5 d -61.5 f 36.2 d -69.7 g 10 -16.5 d -68.3 g 31.6 e -63.1 f * represent the relative reduction or increase of nutrients components compared with the control.
All data presented are the mean values of three replicates.
However, data available on the relationship between Al or Cd and these microelements provide contradicting results.
Nutrients contents in barley roots under 20 d stress exposure expressed as the percentage of control (%) Al concentration (μM) Cd added (μM) Ca Mg Fe Zn 0 0 0.0 a 0.0 a 0.0 h 0.0 a 1 1.4* a -1.6 a 2.1 h -3.2 a 5 -8.8 c -38.6 b 8.1 g -18.1 b 10 -16.3 d -54.2 d 20.1 f -31.1 c 30 0 -18.7 e -36.4 b 31.7 e -31.2 c 1 -14.6 d -30.6 b 29.6 e -46.9 d 5 -7.5 c -44.9 c 52.8 b -43.1 d 10 -3.7 b -52.9 d 42.7 c -60.7 f 60 0 -20.7 e -53.1 d 47.8 c -56.1 e 1 -18.9 e -50.6 d 44.6 c -60.3 f 5 -25.5 f -67.1 g 87.2 a -74.3 h 10 -3.2 b -57.6 e 54.7 b -56.0 e 90 0 -19.5 e -65.6 g 44.3 c -62.1 f 1 -18.6 e -62.3 f 42.9 c -60.9 f 5 -14.5 d -61.5 f 36.2 d -69.7 g 10 -16.5 d -68.3 g 31.6 e -63.1 f * represent the relative reduction or increase of nutrients components compared with the control.
Online since: November 2014
Authors: Yu Dong, Xin Fei Zhao, Xian Jun Shang, Wu Chang Dai
The SOClow value can be determined by Eq. 10,
(10)
Case Analysis
Based on an actual and forecast wind power output data of a wind farm whose installed capacity is 49.3MW in Northeast, we will perform the case analysis and the the data sampling interval is 15min.
Hence a small amount of electrical energy used locally can exchange for significant reduction of configured storage capacity.
But has a limited increase in utilization of energy storage systems; 2) The introduction of resistance load to wind-storage co-generation system can use less electricity locally in exchange for a significant reduction in configured storage capacity based on the new configuration method.
Hence a small amount of electrical energy used locally can exchange for significant reduction of configured storage capacity.
But has a limited increase in utilization of energy storage systems; 2) The introduction of resistance load to wind-storage co-generation system can use less electricity locally in exchange for a significant reduction in configured storage capacity based on the new configuration method.
Online since: April 2015
Authors: Lawrence John Paulo L. Trinidad, Leon M. Payawan, Ken Aldren S. Usman
Introduction
Advanced materials of noble metals and semiconductor nanoparticles with distinctive properties resulting from quantum-sized effect are now beingused in microelectronic and photonic devices, optical data storageand imaging applications [2].
The reduction of silver ion was done by using γ-rays emitted from Cobalt-60.
In this case, a red-shift of the absorbance to the 600 nm region can be attributed to the formation of Ag73+ species upon incomplete reduction of the Ag+ ions due to the absence of 2-propanol [4].
Surface Plasmon Resonance data of Ag/PAA shown in Figure 6 confirmed that the films exhibit surface plasmon resonance upon using them as substrate.
The reduction of silver ion was done by using γ-rays emitted from Cobalt-60.
In this case, a red-shift of the absorbance to the 600 nm region can be attributed to the formation of Ag73+ species upon incomplete reduction of the Ag+ ions due to the absence of 2-propanol [4].
Surface Plasmon Resonance data of Ag/PAA shown in Figure 6 confirmed that the films exhibit surface plasmon resonance upon using them as substrate.
Online since: February 2018
Authors: Pavla Rovnaníková, Břetislav Teplý, Tomáš Vymazal
Quantity E (the “impact on the environment”) is usually described as a string (sum) of data including, e.g. bound emissions of various kinds, energy consumption, wear and tear, etc.
It is generally true that the design of structures with long service life, adaptability and purposefully chosen materials alongside correct maintenance, renovation and exchange of components leads to a reduction in bound energy and eco-costs. 2.2 Service Life Information concerning service life is important in the above-mentioned context.
In order to determine them, it is often necessary to model the degradation of materials over time (e.g. using the tool described in [8]), or use estimations of the service life of a structure or building obtained via e.g. the Factor method ([4] — Part 8). 2.3 Eco-costs when concrete is used As mentioned above, “eco-costs” are expenditures on measures to be taken for the reduction of emissions to a sustainable level (as stated in e.g. [2], and in more detail in [11]).
(in Czech) [16] https://www.svcement.cz/data/data-2016 [17] https://www.eru.cz/-/prumerna-cena-emisni-povolenky-pro-rok-2016
It is generally true that the design of structures with long service life, adaptability and purposefully chosen materials alongside correct maintenance, renovation and exchange of components leads to a reduction in bound energy and eco-costs. 2.2 Service Life Information concerning service life is important in the above-mentioned context.
In order to determine them, it is often necessary to model the degradation of materials over time (e.g. using the tool described in [8]), or use estimations of the service life of a structure or building obtained via e.g. the Factor method ([4] — Part 8). 2.3 Eco-costs when concrete is used As mentioned above, “eco-costs” are expenditures on measures to be taken for the reduction of emissions to a sustainable level (as stated in e.g. [2], and in more detail in [11]).
(in Czech) [16] https://www.svcement.cz/data/data-2016 [17] https://www.eru.cz/-/prumerna-cena-emisni-povolenky-pro-rok-2016