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The grain size is around 80 µm and the crystallographic texture is less than 2.
Influence of strain rate on cyclic behavior and fatigue life The fatigue life, noted Nf, corresponds in this paper to the number of cycles necessary to observe a decrease of 25 % of the stress repsonse.
As illustrated Fig. 2, a low strain rate results into a higher cyclic stress and a displacement of the peak of tensile stress towards higher number of cycles.
In air, as shown Fig. 3.a, an increase in the cyclic stress, a displacement of the peak stress towards larger number of cycles and a reduction in fatigue life are observed at low strain rate, indicating a negative strain rate dependence of the stress response as in vacuum.

The wood of Phoebe hui has meticulous structure, strong in corrosion resistance, aromatic durability, beautiful grain and excellent properties, which was used widely in construction, high-grade furniture and carving and was a very valuable timber species.
(2) t: significant difference test calculated value d: difference of factor value between the candidate superior trees value and dominant trees average value n: the pair number of factor between the candidate superior trees and dominant trees Table 3 T-test results Number of samples Calculated T value Dt Ht Vt 8 3.492 2.617 3.058 T7(0.05)= 2.365 Table 3 showed the T-test results.
They were candidate tree with the number of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 in table 2.

The performance of cathode in SOFC can be enhanced by manipulating its layer characteristics, including pore and grain sizes, pore distribution and porosity [3].
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from Sciencefund (Project Number: R.J130000.7942.4S033), Research University Grant ((Project Number: Q.J130000.2542.03H14), Research University Grant ((Project Number: Q.J130000.2509.05H53), Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) and technical and management support from Research Management Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

In theory, most of proposed theories and laws are based on too many hypotheses such as time mean and special grain shape, their application is limited.
This model is mathematically given by (3) (4) where, , , is the generation of the turbulent kinetic energy duo to the mean velocity gradient, μ is the dynamic viscosity (Pa-s), k is the turbulent kinetic energy(J), ε is the dissipation rate, S is the flow source , is the generation of the turbulent kinetic energy duo to buoyancy, is the affection coefficient of the compressible turbulent pulsation expansion on the total dissipation rate, and are constant, and are the turbulent Prandtl numbers for k and ε.
AWJ Nozzle Air Domain omain Target Figure 1 Physical model of abrasive water jet machining To investigate the accuracy, stability and convergence properties of the CFD model, a number of initial computations were performed using the first upwind method and the second upwind method.
The relaxing number is selected according to the converging condition.

With the optimal processing parameters ascertained by large numbers of experiments, the crystallizer was clad nickel-based alloy.
(a) Corrosion for 24 hours (b) Corrosion for 48 hours (b) Corrosion for 72 hours Fig.8 Results of corrosion in CuSO4 Solution of sample element wt% at% BK 23.34 53.83 CK 7.30 15.15 SiK 1.43 1.27 CrK 22.72 10.89 FeK 4.07 1.82 NiK 27.86 11.83 CuK 13.28 5.21 Total 100 100 Conclusion Laser metal deposition system was developed to clad nickel-based alloy on copper crystallizer, resulting in good property such as high wear resistance,erosion resistance and hardness.The following conclusion can be obtained by experiment. 1.Preheating substrate contributes to get crack-free cladding layers which have finer grains and h omogeneous structure. 2.The cladding layer and the substrate diluted to each other in the bonding zone, resulting in good wettability ,so they could realize the metallurgic and tight bonding. 3.The cladding layer chemical composition was well-distributed and has few segregation, so the performance of parts can be improved. 4.The result of

Clustering is an important tool for data analysis, unsupervised learning, data graining and information compression.
The function number of KP is () and the function number of KP is ().
(1) The LKP of and is and ;, , is the functional perfection degree, functional number and level number of KP respectively., , is the functional perfection degree, functional number and level number of KP respectively.
is the same functional number as that of KP in .
Let , i.e, the level number of LKP is the same.

The average grain size was about 320 meshes and about 45 μm.
In other words, the number of nodes in the input layer is set 6.
In other words, the number of nodes in the selected hidden layer is 11.
Parameter setting for genetic optimization is introduced as follows: the population size, maximum number of generations, number of bits of variables, crossing probability, mutation probability and generation gap were set 40, 20, 10, 0.7, 0.01 and 0.95, respectively.
The initial population number, maximum number of generations, crossing probability and mutation probability of the genetic algorithm were set 20, 80, 0.4 and 0.2, respectively.

A large number micro-pores and micro-cracks originating from the adiabatic shear bands expanded, forming macroscopic cracks.
Some adiabatic shear bands extending upwards along penetration direction and a large number deformed structure were observed on the verge of penetration, as seen in Fig. 5 (b).
A large number micro-pores and micro-cracks originating in the adiabatic shear bands cause the fracture of alloy
[22] Z Wang, X N Wang, LW Zhu, ZS Zhu, Grain Growth behavior in β single phase of TB17 titanium alloy.

The enhanced hydriding kinetics is principally ascribed to the refined grains by melt spinning.
The huge number of interfaces and grain boundaries available in the nanocrystalline Fig. 5 Hydrogen desorption curves of the as-cast and spun Mg20Ni7M3 (M=Co, Cu) alloys: (a) M=Co, (b) M=Cu materials provide easy pathways for hydrogen diffusion and accelerate the hydrogen absorbing/desorbing process [6].

A number of micropores distributed evenly (Fig. 1(b)) in the matrix of the outer layer.
As shown in the magnified image of the middle layer (Fig. 1(c)), the microstructure there was composed of closely packed equiaxed grains, the average size of which was less than 1 μm.
Small grey particles (Fig. 1(c), point 5) distributed along the grain boundaries.