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Generally in metals, material degradation first appears in the form of dislocation substructures such as veins and persistent slip bands (PSB), and these PSBs accumulate at grain boundaries to produce strain localization, and then finally micro-crack initiate with increasing fatigue cycles.
The displacement potentials that describe the longitudinal and shear waves are written as [12] , (1) where ; ; and , and are wave numbers for the Rayleigh, longitudinal and shear waves, respectively.

The bacterial biotransformation of metalloporphyrins was carried out in 2.0 litre flasks containing 500 ml of mineral medium (pH 7.0) supplemented with 50 g of sterile fine-grained (particle size <1 mm) black shale or synthetic metalloporphyrins (0.05 mM).
Bacterial growth was monitored by plating samples on solid LB medium to determine the number of CFU (colony forming units).

Among the basal plane, screw and edge dislocations, stacking faults, micropipes, inclusions and low angle grain boundaries, the micropipe density is one of the most limiting factors for the production of large area 4H-SiC devices for high power applications, although the density of these hollow core dislocations has been decreased continuously from 100 to 10 cm -2 in commercial wafers.
Therefore a C/Si ratio = 0.9 has been chosen to provide both good surface morphology and a high number of closed micropipes.

Point A, B and C is surface layer, carbon coating and inner SiC crystal grain respectively.
Surface morphology such as degree of roughness, number of defects and surface stress can influence the tensile strength of SiC fibers.

Based on the experimental data of single-axis measurements [10], the following power approximation was found to accurately characterize the amplitudes of the harmonics: (1) where εx is the magnetostriction in the L-direction, εy is the magnetostriction in C-direction, kεx is a proportionality factor in the L-direction, kεy is a proportionality factor in the C-direction, Bx is the magnetic flux density in the L-direction, and By is the magnetic flux density in the C-direction, nx is the power of the approximation for the L-direction, ny is the power of the approximation for the C-direction, i and j are natural numbers.
Influences of Isotropic and Anisotropic Magnetostriction on Three-Phase Transformer with Highly Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Sheet.

(3)The anti-tensile intensity decrease as the micro-holes numbers increase, but it does not impact practical application.
Effect of Propellant Grain Dimensions on Progressivity,R.

Many materials such as glucose, sucrose, fructose and biomass materials including wood, starch, cane sugar, grain sorghum and agricultural wastes have been used to produce levulinic acid [4].
ZSM-5 has also been applied in catalytic cracking of vacuum gas–oils with the intention of increasing the gasoline octane numbers and maximising the yields of propylene and butylenes.

When the volume content of SiCp rises from 5% to 15%, the Vickers hardness number rises from 150MPa to 214MPa.
The strength of the SiCp/Cu composite is improved by second phase reinforced dislocation and hindrance to dislocation motion, fine-grain strengthening, internal stress, etc., that resulted from adding the SiC particles.

.,[1--3]) occurring in the magnetically ordered grain.
Acknowledgments The work was supported by grants of Ministry of Education and Science: project № 2.1.1/992 «Structure and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline and amorphous multicomponent alloys», Federal Contract № 02.740.11.0549, reference number 2010-1.1.-121-011, «Magnetic properties and spin-transport phenomena in nanoscale condensed matter», Federal Contract № 14.740.11.0289 «Development of high-performance algorithms and the creation of super scalable software solutions for applied and fundamental problems of the industry of nanosystems and nanomaterials» and Federal Contract 07.514.11.4013 «Research and development of scientific and technological potential in the strategic development over the scalable software <…>».

A lubricating liquid film under high-speed shaping is continuously destroyed by abrasive grains of the grinding wheel, which causes disruption of the continuity and stability of the flow; stochastic currents are formed which flow from the higher pressure area towards the lower pressure area.
In such cases, a great number of hydrodynamic equations are to be solved and the results obtained have to be averaged by statistical methods [3].