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This AFM examination bring out the details of grain refinement and topographical roughness emerging from crystalline and microstructural properties like orientation by color contrast after etching, precipitation, deformation bands, slip lines and shear bands with progress in rolling as referred by the number of rolling cycles here.
In SPD methods, large strains refine the grain structure into ultrafine grain size (100 nm-1000 nm) or nanostructures (less than 100 nm) [1].
Further, the number of cycles can be chosen carefully to avoid cracking of material that could occur during further rolling cycles [32].
The fraction of such slipped/sheared grains increased with increasing number of cycles as observed from Fig. 3.This could be caused by simple shear forces which are predominant compared to tensile and compressive forces.
Strength can be observed to increase with increasing number of cycles while ductility decreased partially as shown in Fig. 4 c and d.

Figure 1 shows shapes of the analyzed grains (Grains 1 to 8).
For example, the grain boundary between Grains 1 and 2 is denoted as GB 1/2 in this report.
The grains involved with the crack growth are denoted as the numbers from 1 to 8.
Fig.5 ECC images of dislocation structure formed in (a) Grain 8 and Grain 5 near GB 8/5.
GB 4/5 GB 8/5 primary slip system conjugate primary slip system Grain 4 Grain 5 Grain 5 Grain 8 Grain 5 εx -0.297γ4 -0.258 γ5 0.110 γ5c -0.040 γ8 -0.151 γ5 εy 0.374 γ4 0.377 γ5 0.124 γ5c 0.377 γ8 0.377 γ5 γzx 0.116 γ4 -0.168 γ5 0.548 γ5c -0.303 γ8 -0.236 γ5

As the increase of the interval time, the number of grain nucleation increases significantly.
When the interval time is 30s, the grain number of static recrystallization with high accumulative deformation degree is more than that of low degree.
When the hot deformation temperature is 950℃, the grain number of static recrystallization is small, and most of them are dynamic recrystallization grain, and static recrystallization grain with small size only appear near large-angle boundaries.
When the hot deformation temperature is 1050℃, the number of static recrystallization increases sharply, and the fine and uniform grains with a size of 51.53μm are obtained.
As a result, the spread rate of grain boundary increases rapidly and static recrystallization is completed quickly. 2) When the temperature and holding time are the fixed value, a larger deformation degree, which means a larger driving forces of static recrystallization, results in a larger rate of static recrystallization. 3) When the temperature and deformation degree are the fixed value, with the increase of the holding time between passes, the number of grain nucleation increases significantly and the grain size becomes large.

For the films fired at 750�, the needle-shaped grains (a-axis grains) were very fine and pores were frequently observed.
In addition, the a-axis grains disappeared as the firing temperature was increased to 775�, suggesting that the grains mainly consisted of c-axis grains.
It then decreased drastically to 54 A/cm-width with increasing number of coatings.
The film thickness increased almost linearly with increasing number of coatings up to 5 times.
XRD patterns of the films with the number of coatings

The increase in vibration accelerates the grain to fill the empty space between the grains.
In general, the soil grains are distinguished into: gravel, sand, silt and clay, which are commonly found in natural soil deposits in the form of mixed grains.
Amplitude is the maximum displacement, while the frequency is the number of vibrations per second.
During experiment the movement of sand grains recorded.
This was due to the greater frequency of vibration, the faster of grain movement to fill the empty space between the grains so that, the landslide field is wider.

Figures 2 shows SEM images of the surface of the fine-grained diamond film and the coarse-grained film on the market.
Fine-grained diamond Substrate (cemented carbide) coarse-grained diamond Rmax(µ㨙) Film Structure.
(a)fine-grained one (b)coarse-grained one 100nm 100nm D-band G-band evenness of the fine-grained diamond film in comparison to the commercial product, and excellent adhesion resistance.
The processing accuracy remained high even after 1,000,000 shots, and it was not necessary to remove solder at any time during this number of shots.
fine-grained diamond coarse-grained diamond Rmax(Ǵm) Figure 9: The machining surface roughness of the diamond coated tools.

And the most important issue in the management of grain reserves is monitoring the temperature and humidity changes in the grain depot.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed network [1] consisting of a large number of low-power sensor nodes in a self-organizing way.
Table 1. 64-bit ROM code of DS18B20 CRC Product serial number Product code 8 bits 48 bits 8 bits According to these characteristics of the DS18B20 and the demand of grain storage temperature acquisition, a special temperature cable is designed, as shown in Fig. 2: Fig. 2.
The CTP protocol adopts the idea of collection tree, setting the number of root node in the network.
The total length of the message is 64bytes, and its content is simply the same number, beginning at one.

Introduction Ear differentiation of maize female spike decides the formation of ear number per unit area and grains per panicle, which plays a key role in yield component, especially the ear number per unit area.
Grains per ear and the number of abortive grain of hybrids and inbred lines were both affected under the different shade stress and abortive rate increased while grains per ear decreased with the increase of shade stress.
Grains per ear and the number of abortive grain of the three hybrids all reduced obviously under the shade stress and grains per ear reduced with the increase of shade stress (Table 3).
Grains per ear of Shennong 98A decreased greatly and the early and middle stage abortive grains and total abortive grains increased obviously.
Shade stress could make young female ear short, grains per panicle reduce, the number of abortive grain increase and rates of barren stalk increase, which would aggravate with the increase of shade intensity and the reactions of easy barren stalk varieties were much more obvious, even caused 100% barren stalk led by female ear agenesis.

On the other hand, the number of research works on SPD of steels is still limited [9-16], probably because systematic SPD processing is relatively difficult in steels having higher flow stresses.
The fHAGB increased with increasing the number of the ARB cycle (strain), as was pointed out in Fig.1, and 82% of the existing boundaries were high-angle ones after 5 cycles.
The mean spacing of the high-angle lamellar boundaries also decreased with increasing strain (number of ARB cycle), and it showed nearly the same value of about 0.25 µm after 5 cycles.
During annealing, recovery at grain interior also happened at lower temperatures, and the (sub-)grains started to grow.
As strain increases, the grain subdivision proceeds and the number of the fine areas surrounded by high-angle boundaries increases.

Investigations by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that the slip band density in these grains increases with the number of loading cycles and remains constant in the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) regime.
In contrast to electrolytically polished samples, mechanically polished samples showed a fatigue limit at a load amplitude of about 370 MPa and at higher amplitudes an about four times higher number of load cycles to failure.
The length of the left and right branch of the fatigue crack as a function of the number of load cycles is presented in figure 5b.
A trans- and an intergranular fatigue crack initiated towards the ferrite grain α2 at phase boundaries.
The height of extrusions and depth of intrusions in austenite grains increase within relatively low numbers of load cycles and subsequently saturate indicating a strong cyclic hardening within the austenite slip bands.