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Numbers of methods have been reported for their synthesis which includes hydrolysis, precipitation, thermal deposition, sol-gel and hydrothermal processes [6-12].
These bands are sensitive to doping, thermal and grain size and thus indicates disorder in the oxygen sublattice [14].

High-order grain boundaries, stacking faults and twinning are frequently observed, in GaN nanostructures.
Acknowledgment The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Postgraduate Research Incentive Grant (Number: 1001/PFIZIK/844014) Universiti Sains Malaysia.

Introduction Composite alloys of aluminum with refractory metals have a set of unique properties which make these alloys in demand in a great number of modern technological areas, where strength and reliability of materials are especially required.
In particular, the zirconium master alloy is widely used; its addition to the aluminum alloy slows down the grain growth process, increases the strength of the alloy due to the formation of the Al3Zr phase [4-5].

The annealing treatment produced polycrystalline NiTi (B2 structure) having a typical grain size of 10 µm.
The total number of FP insertions thus corresponds to a dose of 1.0 displacement per atom (dpa).

(3) Where n is the number of oxygen atoms in the oxide, MO and Mox are the molecular mass of oxygen and the oxide respectively, ρox is the density of the oxide. kp was calculated for a temperature of 850°C in static air with the equations (2) and (3), using data from literature [9,10].
Chromium and oxygen grain-boundary diffusion in polycrystals, Philos Mag A 66 (1992) 361-374

The type in the geocell is SB200×400×1.5-8, the sheet chooses grain surface, the peel strength of the welding spot is 1000N/10cm, the thickness is 1.5±0.1mm, the height is 200mm.The welding distance is 400mm, which attaches 8mm punching.
The calculation results summarized in table 2 Table 2 The safety factor of the working conditions The number for working condition The protecting situation of the side slope Infiltration intensity （m/s） Safety factor The increasing percentage A1 unprotected 2.5×10-7 3.043 14.1% A2 Protection with geocell 2.5×10-7 3.472 B1 unprotected 2.0×10-6 1.732 13.7% B2 Protection with geocell 2.0×10-6 1.97 C1 unprotected 6.0×10-6 1.166 14.5% C2 Protection with geocell 6.0×10-6 1.335 Comparing to safety factor under the condition of the same rainfall intensity, we can conclude that in the same intensity under the action of rainfall infiltration, comparing the protecting slope that has geocell with the slope without protecting, the safety factor value all increases.

A number of studies have been reported on Cu-Cr composites.
On the other hand, further improvement of mechanical properties can be achieved by decreasing the composite grain size to the nanometric scale [6].

The first reference is a number that indicates the block of laminated bamboo guadua material from which were obtained and the second referenceFig. 1: Transformation of bamboo guadua.
The preparation of the surface was mechanically performed with abrasive papers of different grain fineness.

The filler's grains size oscillate between 40 nm and 3 000 nm (mean 550 nm).
Acknowledgement The author gratefully acknowledge the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for its full financial support of this work (project number N507 163 32/0501).

Thanks to its complex of valuable properties the relatively low-tonnage polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate-glycol (PETG), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyethersulfone (PES), and a number of their modifications, have been gaining widespread use [1].
Corn, grain, sugar cane, agricultural raw materials and paper wastes can be used as feedstock.