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DGEBA resin consist a high level of –OH group at every carbon atom and increasing the number of epoxy part in hardener can affect the elastic modulus of an epoxy/hardener sample.
The fracture surface for 3:1 and 4:1 showed that fracture occurred though the grain boundary hence confirming that that fracture is intergranular fracture.
In intergranular fracture, the crack travels through the grain boundaries.

Bulk Mg Vacancy (unrelaxed) (relaxed) 121 131 130 185 180 201 186 209 where ET(defective, q) is the total energy of the supercell with a defect in a charge state q; ni is the number of the i-th element; and µi is the chemical potential of i-th element.
The average grain diameter, 30 µm, of the present polycrystalline samples is large enough for the effect of grain boundaries on the positron lifetime to be ignored [17].

Recent advancements involve engineering grain boundaries to enhance fracture strain and superelastic properties, particularly in Cu-Al-Ni SMAs [12].
Alloy Types Sample Number σMs (MPa) σMf (MPa) σAs (MPa) σAf (MPa) εl (%) εr (%) Uh (MJ/m3) 1 Ni-Ti SMA S1 539 627 523 383 3.1 -- 31.13 S2 596 720 601 469 2.9 -- 32.04 2 Cu-based SMA S1 440 566 -- -- 0.3 3.4 21.17 S2 445 585 -- -- 1.1 2.6 22.31 3 Fe-based SMA S1 772 850 -- -- 0.8 2.3 62.42 S2 785 862 -- -- 1.3 2.1 63.37 Fig. 3 illustrates the stress-strain hysteresis loops for the three SMA types, depicting failed samples after cyclic tension-compression tests.
Xie: Enhanced mechanical properties of polycrystalline Cu-Al-Ni alloy through grain boundary orientation and composition control, Materials Science and Engineering: A 650(2016), 218-224

Pine bark, tree fern, rice husk and wood fibers are a number of natural materials that is used to remove dissolved pollutants from aqueous media as they are inexpensive compared to activated carbon and synthetic resin [9].
The test was used to determine the sediment grain size distribution as well as the D10 sediment size diameter which 10% of the materials are smaller in size and the mean sediment grain size which represented as D50 [10].

A number of 7 indentations were performed on each sample.
From Fig. 5a it can be observed that the dendritic structures (A) are embedded in the Cu-Al matrix (B), while the interface is represented by an intermetallic layer in the range of 5-8 microns (C) and the base material presented equiaxed grains with different sized and shapes depending on steel grade.
Regarding the base material, only grain refinement was noticed in the heat-affected zone characterized by a ferritic microstructure (due to a heat input generating a thermal field similar to a normalizing heat treatment).

Acknowledgment This work was financially supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 18H01477 and 17K18865.
Suemasu, Investigation of grain boundaries in BaSi2 epitaxial films on Si(111) substrates using transmission electron microscopy and electron-beam-induced current technique, J.
Suemasu, Influence of grain size and surface condition on minority-carrier lifetime in undoped n-BaSi2 on Si(111), J.

Introduction Vanadium (element symbol V), silver gray, atomic number 23, relative atomic mass of 50.42, valence +5, +4, +3, +2, can cationic state exists; it also can be anionic state.
The main role of vanadium in steel is the organization and the grain refinement of steel, improved grain coarsening temperature, thereby reducing thermal sensitivity of steel to improve the strength and toughness of the steel.

SIFCON is prepared by infiltrating pre-placed fibres with fine grain aggregate mortar.
Fine SiO2 sand with grain size of 0-1 mm, cement CEM 52.5R and water were the main components of the slurry mixture.
The total absorbed energy is obtained using the following formula: E = m.ag.h.x Where: E…Total absorbed energy [J], m…Weight of the impactor [g], ag…Gravity acceleration [m.s-2], h…Height of drop [m], x…Number of the drops [-] Figure 2 The distribution of fibre diameter and length Results and Discussion Technological feasibility.

Especially due to the large number of extrinsic defects in SiC technology, the t63% lifetime should lie well above the typical operation lifetime to ensure the reliability requirements for automotive applications [8].
Furthermore, polycrystalline grains and defects are visible.
This might possibly change the onset of the crystallization transition, leading to different grain size, more leakage paths and therefore worse breakdown results (comp.

Thus an engine of 20:1 OPR is considered more capable than an engine of, say, 10 OPR and will have superior numbers for thrust, fuel burn, etc. to fulfill a given mission.
This design drew heavily on supercharger experience, using mixed axial and centrifugal design and low Mach number can combustors made of steel.
DS blades consist of multiple crystal grains that share a common crystalline orientation in the direction of greatest stress.
Single crystal blades utilize a starter seed of preferred orientation and carefully prescribed Bridgeman cooling schedules; competitive nucleation and grain growth are suppressed by proprietary methods.
Single crystal casting eliminates all grain boundaries from the component, maximizing creep strength and thermal fatigue resistance, and also eliminates diffusion pathways for oxygen to maximize corrosion resistance.