Search results

The crystalline phase is NaAlSiO4 (JCPDS No.35-0424) by comparing the XRD pattern with the JCPDS card.
It can be seen from the picture that there is crystal phase precipitation in the glass ceramic sample S1, but the grain is smaller and the number is less.
In the sample S2, the grain number and size increases.
The grain number of sample S3 increases obviously, and occurs grain reunion phenomenon.
As can be seen from Figure 3, with the increase of holding time, the degree of crystallization increases gradually, and the grain size and number also increase.

This analysis of XRD pattern was carried out by utilizing JCPDS card No. 9-205 of International center for diffraction data [11].
ASTM grain number was also calculated by using following formula [12].
n = 2(N-1) (1) Where n = Average number of grains per square inch at 100X magnification.
N = The ASTM grain size number.
Mater. 42 (1994) 2467-2475 [11] JCPDS Card No 9-205: Powder Diffraction File, Inorganic Sets 6-10 (Revised), 1967 [12] Heat Treatment, Principles and Techniques, Revised Edition, by T.

The number of bacteria in the 3 hour culture was estimated by measuring the optical density of the culture at 660 nm (Corning colorimeter 253).
B1-NaCl TiN peak with less (111) intensity was observed (JCPDS card no: 087-0633).
Rutile phase of TiO2 (Fig. 1b) is predominantly observed in presence of (110), (200), (211) planes and good agreement with JCPDS card no. 001-1292 along with a additional peak appeared at 50.5º (220) corresponding to anatase phase of (JCPDS card no. 001-0562) TiO2.
Besides, metals are commonly thrombotic in nature, formation of large number of pseudopods on the surface of the uncoated samples [28], whereas, large numbers of platelets are seen in all the coated samples due to the strong interaction of fibrinogen triggers platelets adhesion.

Comparing these patterns with JCPDS cards, one can see that the main diffraction peaks on the pattern of all the samples are consistent with JCPDS card No. 33-0040.
According to the radii of involved ions (R(Y3+8)=0.1019nm, R(Al3+6)=0.0535nm, R(Al3+4)=0.039nm, R(Ca2+8)=0.112nm, R(Ca2+6)=0.100nm, R(Si4+4)=0.026nm[16], here subscript shows the coordination number of involved cation) and the ratio of starting materials, it is assumed that most of Ca2+ will come into the center of dodecahedron with a coordination number of 8, which makes the dodecahedron expand.

Demir had collected all local mollusks shell species of Turkey; the total numbers of shell species found in each sea were as follows: 393 in the Mediterranean Sea, 546 in the Aegean Sea, 362 in the Sea of Marmara, and 99 in the Black Sea [30].
The main peaks closely match the patterns of the JCPDS card 09-0169.
For the sample heat treated at 800°C, Fig. 3b, the major peaks correspond closely to HA as on JCPDS card number 09-0432 of synthetic HA – Ca5(PO4)3(OH).
The ultrasonic cleaner was obtained from the Turkish Republic Government Planning Organization project “Manufacturing and Characterization of Electro-Conductive Bioceramics” with project number 2003K120810.
Oktar was assigned as academic visitor by Marmara University and The Council of Higher Education of Republic of Turkey (YÖK) to University of Bath (Centre for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering) in UK for 3 months according by 39th articles of 2547 numbered law and he is indebted for this support to Marmara University and to the Council of Higher Education of Republic of Turkey (YÖK).

The three Bragg peaks at (111), (220) and (311) reveal sphalerite cubic phase with lattice parameter 5.404 ao confirmed by JCPDS card No. 04-007-1615.
JCPDS card No. 65-2887 confirms the three Bragg peaks for cubic phase with lattice parameter 5.832 ao .
In nanocrystals, since the surface to volume ratio is much larger, there is an increase in the number of atoms on the surface compared to the number of atoms inside the particles.
Fig.4 shows a remarkable shift in peak position as well as in asymmetry of the Raman line towards higher wave number due to change in grain size [12] or the surface phonon effect due to small dispersion of LO phonon wave vector in the samples.

The number of oxygen vacancies grows with annealing temperature.
The XRD spectra in Fig 3a and 3b showed a strong (200) plane evidencing characteristic peaks of In(OH)3 (JCPDS card number 76-14640).
These correspond to the lattice of In2O3 powder (JCPDS card number 06-0416).

The numbers above the peaks correspond to the values of bulk α-Bi2O3 (JCPDS card number 71-2274).

A number of studies have reported that the presence of PEG can modify or control the surface of the nanometer crystal, moreover can act as the dispersing agent of the nanometer crystal in the process of synthesis [7, 8].
The number of survival bacteria was then counted.
The crystal structure is Face-centered cubic and the entire d-line patterns match with reported values (JCPDS Card Pattern: 02-0454 for S and 42-1411 for R).
The percentage of bacteria reduction (R, %) was calculated using the equation 1: R = (C0 – C) × 100 / C0 (1) where C0 (CFU—colony forming units) is the number of bacteria colonies on the control fabric (untreated fabric without nano-sized CdS) and C (CFU) is the number of bacteria colonies on the fabric loaded with nano-sized CdS.

Fourier transforms infrared characterization showed the presence of Fe-O bonds at wave numbers 569 cm-1 and 629 cm-1, indicating that MNPs were successfully formed.
This result follows the JCPDS-card standard data No. 01–075–0033, which indicates the MNPs have an inverse spinel face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure [21].
However, another iron oxide phase appeared, namely Fe2O3 (JCPDS-card No. 00-024-0081) of 17.7%.
The asymmetric and symmetric aliphatic (C-H) stretching vibrations are seen at wave number 2922 cm-1, the carbonyl group (C=O) is at a wavenumber of 1613 cm-1, the C–N (aliphatic amine) stretching vibrations are at 1073 cm-1, and the 1389 cm-1 corresponds to the stretching aromatic ring (C=C).