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The resulting properties of these materials, from lightness and enhanced mechanical properties to greater sustainability, has meant a growing number of applications in such areas as building, construction and automotive engineering [2].
Wood and Fiber Science (2007) [8] Olivier Persenaire, Michaël Alexandre, Philippe Degée, End-Grained Wood-Polyurethane Composites, Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Properties.

The gradual decrease of thickness was thought to contribute to an increase in size and number of nanocrystals.
In future investigations, growth control of nanosized single crystals with uniformly crystal grain size along the whole substrate promises fruitful results ACK�OWLEDGEME�T This work was partly supported by Kinki mobile radio center inc.

Corrosion of the testing materials was composed of active dissolving corrosion of the metal matrix and caustic embrittlement cracking of the matrix, as well as grain boundary corrosion for the cast iron.
The corrosion rate at each stage can be calculated using the following equation: n nn n t ww v ∆ − = −1 Where Vn is the corrosion rate (g·m -2·h -1) of number n stage, ∆tn is time duration of the weighing between number n and number n-1.

Foamed bitumen improves the properties of base layer, increasing the number of equivalent axles allowed, as result of this is a durable pavement.
The construction of pavements requires a large number of elements to be carried out, being non-renewable and economic resources that prioritize the execution of these.
Asphalt, contributes witch cohesion and adherence between the stony aggregate grains which has a higher superficial area (smaller particle size), where are the responsible materials for the volumetric changes when they get contact with water.

Material behavior of the zinc coating (Eq. 2) is derived from the load-displacement curves using Nano-indentation test on various zinc grains by Song et al. [11].
N is the number of contacting bars with the tool and N* is the number of non-contacting bars that come into contact due to the rise of asperities.
Shearing length, Δsh=z-d-u which represents the shearing distance between a raising bar and its neighboring crushing bar. n is the number of sides of the bars in shearing (n=2 for 3D).
The real area of contact can be calculated by summing up the number of contacting asperities that are higher than the tool equilibrium position (asperities on the right side of vertical line on Fig. 5 (b)).
Tabor, The hardness of solids, Review of Physics in Technology, Volume 1, Number 3 (1970)

In the microstructural analyses there were observed numerous cracks at grain boundaries.
The work included the following: The first group (without erosion.): consisted of (8) tested specimens, the used loads were variable (low - high) and (high - low) with a fixed period of 10,000 cycles until the failure of the specimen to know the number of failure cycles for the specimen at that level of stress, respectively.
The following table shows the specimen numbers and (low - high) and (high - low) stress ranges.
Refer to Figs.4 & 5, which represent the state of linear stress of the metal with the stress - number of cycles curve, the accumulated damage can be expressed in the following equation [13].
Depending on Fig. 1: Xi =NfB (σi- σL)(σH- σL) (6) Where NfB = cycle number of the specimen.

The number and position of spot welds strongly influence the performance characteristics, such as static, dynamic and crash behaviours.
However a large number of welds is costly, and efforts have been made to reduce the number of welds without changing the rigidity of the final assembly.
The number and position of spot welds, as well as the order in which they are executed, also affect the geometrical quality of an assembly [2].
IF steels typically have in the substrate microstructure with equiaxed ferrite (ASTM grain size equal to 8.5 (17 μm)) with carbonitrides of niobium/titanium.
Fig. 3 shows the correlation between the number of spot welds with respect to weld current and weld button size.

The copolymer was used in making leather as tanning agent and retanning agent respectively, applied results showed that the Ts of tanned leather can reach to 75.6°C, re-tanned leather has the merits of good uniformity, fullness, softness, fine grain and non-plastic feel etc.
The stretching vibration absorption peak at 1631 cm-1 and 1348 cm-1 correspond to the symmetry and anti symmetric of carboxylate, it proves the product contains a large number of -OH and -COO-.

The characterization of SEM, TEM, AFM shown that the 1-10nm anatase TiO2 crystal grain was doped on surface of the kaolinite particles which is as like as ‘forest on the ground’.
To reduce recombination of photogenerated and extend its light absorption into the visible region, recently, there are a number of studies related to improving material photocatalytic activity such as transition metal cations doping, coupled semiconductor photocatalysts and so on.

First, the odd-numbered outer dies and the inner dies press the trial tube and return to the starting position.
Second, the even-numbered outer dies and the inner dies press the trial tube, and then all of the dies return to the starting position.
Xu, Microstructure texture and grain boundaries character distribution evolution of ferritic stainless steel during rolling process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Volume 209 (2009), 2627-2631 [15] Y.