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An Overview of Energy Efficient Lighting System Design for Indoor Applications of an Office Building
Online since: May 2016
Authors: Proneel Mukherjee
With the reduction of energy consumption, there should not be any sacrifice in quality and quantity of light required as per the lighting codes.
Lighting Design Concepts of Office Building The purpose of office work is the proper collection and handling of different types of data, required for an organisation.
Factors to be considered The following factors should be considered while designing the lighting system of an office: · Type of work done in the office · Type of Computer Screens · Maximum Luminance Values · Availability of daylight in the office · Ceiling Height of the office · Ages of different employees · Colour of wall, ceiling and floor surfaces · Air Conditioned or not · Cleanliness of the office [6] Lighting level recommendations in office buildings Table 1: Range of Service Illuminances in Office [7] Types of Office Buildings/Rooms Range of Service Illuminances in Lux General offices 300-500-750 Deep plan general offices 500-750-l 000 Computer work stations 300-500-750 Conference rooms, executive offices 300-500-750 Computer and data preparation rooms 300-500-750 Filing rooms 200-300-500 Drawing Offices General 300-500-750 Drawing boards
Lighting Design Concepts of Office Building The purpose of office work is the proper collection and handling of different types of data, required for an organisation.
Factors to be considered The following factors should be considered while designing the lighting system of an office: · Type of work done in the office · Type of Computer Screens · Maximum Luminance Values · Availability of daylight in the office · Ceiling Height of the office · Ages of different employees · Colour of wall, ceiling and floor surfaces · Air Conditioned or not · Cleanliness of the office [6] Lighting level recommendations in office buildings Table 1: Range of Service Illuminances in Office [7] Types of Office Buildings/Rooms Range of Service Illuminances in Lux General offices 300-500-750 Deep plan general offices 500-750-l 000 Computer work stations 300-500-750 Conference rooms, executive offices 300-500-750 Computer and data preparation rooms 300-500-750 Filing rooms 200-300-500 Drawing Offices General 300-500-750 Drawing boards
Online since: September 2005
Authors: A.K. Ivanov-Schitz, G.N. Mazo, S.N. Savvin
From this data, the microscopic
information about energy and mass transport can be directly extracted and further analyzed by
calculating various transport and structural quantities [41].
It is also interesting to note that in case of La1.85Sr0.15CuO3.94, gLaO2(r) and gSrO2(r) reveal two clearly resolved peaks in the "first coordination shell" in fair agreement with experimental data.
In Table 2 the metal-oxygen bond lengths estimated by the RDF peak maxima are compared to the experimental data for LaSrCuO3.61 [48] and La1.85Sr0.15CuO3.94 [49].
As one can see, the literature data taken from various sources do not agree well.
Although the direct comparison Fig. 6: Experimental and calculated oxygen diffusion coefficients in La2-xSrxCuO4-δ of our data with the experimental ones is not straightforward, it is still encouraging that the calculated activation energy (0.86 eV) coincides with the measured datum (0.84 eV) [51].
It is also interesting to note that in case of La1.85Sr0.15CuO3.94, gLaO2(r) and gSrO2(r) reveal two clearly resolved peaks in the "first coordination shell" in fair agreement with experimental data.
In Table 2 the metal-oxygen bond lengths estimated by the RDF peak maxima are compared to the experimental data for LaSrCuO3.61 [48] and La1.85Sr0.15CuO3.94 [49].
As one can see, the literature data taken from various sources do not agree well.
Although the direct comparison Fig. 6: Experimental and calculated oxygen diffusion coefficients in La2-xSrxCuO4-δ of our data with the experimental ones is not straightforward, it is still encouraging that the calculated activation energy (0.86 eV) coincides with the measured datum (0.84 eV) [51].
Online since: July 2007
Authors: Byung Nam Kim, Yoshio Sakka, Keijiro Hiraga, Koji Morita, Hidehiro Yoshida
As compared with the data for
submicro-grain composite with d = 350 nm, nano-crystalization increased the strain rate by one order
of magnitude or lowered the deforming temperature by about 100 K.
For attaining forming applications, however, a further reduction in deforming temperature is required.
For comparison, the data for submicro-grain composite are also shown by thin lines [4].
For comparison, earlier data for submicrometer-grain-sized composite with d = 350 nm was also shown by thin lines [4]. 5 10 100 300 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 Flow Stress σσσσ, MPa 0.5 1573 1623 1673 1723 Grain Size 90nm 350nm (a) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 Tensile Elongation ef, % Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 (b) 5 10 100 300 5 10 100 300 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 Flow Stress σσσσ, MPa 0.5 1573 1623 1673 1723 Grain Size 90nm 350nm (a) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 10-310-3 10-210-2 10-110-1 100100 10-410-4 Tensile Elongation ef, % Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 (b) Fig. 5 The variation of (a) flow stress, σ, and (b) elongation to failure, ef, plotted as a function of strain rate
For comparison, earlier data for submicrometer-grain-sized composite with d = 350 nm was also shown by thin lines [4].Summary In order to improve superplasticity of ZrO2 ceramics, nanocrystalline ZrO2-spinel composite was fabricated by employing high-energy ball-milling (HEBM) and spark-plasma-sintering (SPS) techniques.
For attaining forming applications, however, a further reduction in deforming temperature is required.
For comparison, the data for submicro-grain composite are also shown by thin lines [4].
For comparison, earlier data for submicrometer-grain-sized composite with d = 350 nm was also shown by thin lines [4]. 5 10 100 300 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 Flow Stress σσσσ, MPa 0.5 1573 1623 1673 1723 Grain Size 90nm 350nm (a) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 Tensile Elongation ef, % Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 (b) 5 10 100 300 5 10 100 300 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 Flow Stress σσσσ, MPa 0.5 1573 1623 1673 1723 Grain Size 90nm 350nm (a) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 10-4 10-310-3 10-210-2 10-110-1 100100 10-410-4 Tensile Elongation ef, % Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 Strain Rate εεεε, s-1 (b) Fig. 5 The variation of (a) flow stress, σ, and (b) elongation to failure, ef, plotted as a function of strain rate
For comparison, earlier data for submicrometer-grain-sized composite with d = 350 nm was also shown by thin lines [4].Summary In order to improve superplasticity of ZrO2 ceramics, nanocrystalline ZrO2-spinel composite was fabricated by employing high-energy ball-milling (HEBM) and spark-plasma-sintering (SPS) techniques.
Online since: October 2003
Authors: A. Bertram, J.F. Kalthoff
Furthermore, the data show a sharp increase of the fracture toughness in
the regime of slow crack propagation velocities.
Procedures for determining equivalent properties for propagating cracks are only used in research oriented work, and, as a consequence, only limited data are available in the literature [1, 2, 3].
The paper reports on data obtained by the one or the other of the techniques for achieving high crack propagaton velocities.
Typical data for these three types of tests are given in Fig. 5.
An evaluation of these data on the basis as described before yields the following results.
Procedures for determining equivalent properties for propagating cracks are only used in research oriented work, and, as a consequence, only limited data are available in the literature [1, 2, 3].
The paper reports on data obtained by the one or the other of the techniques for achieving high crack propagaton velocities.
Typical data for these three types of tests are given in Fig. 5.
An evaluation of these data on the basis as described before yields the following results.
Online since: September 2008
Authors: Federica Daghia, Gabriella Faiella, Michele Giordano, Vincenza Antonucci
Temperature and displacement data were collected and compared with the prediction of the finite
element model.
Temperature and displacement data are recorded to characterise the SMAHC behaviour.
The geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the composite material and SMA wires were used as input data for the simulation.
The simulation results are reported in Fig. 6, along with the recorded experimental data.
The LVDT and a second K type thermocouple attached to one of the SMA wires were connected to an acquisition system, displacement and temperature data were recorded using Labview.
Temperature and displacement data are recorded to characterise the SMAHC behaviour.
The geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the composite material and SMA wires were used as input data for the simulation.
The simulation results are reported in Fig. 6, along with the recorded experimental data.
The LVDT and a second K type thermocouple attached to one of the SMA wires were connected to an acquisition system, displacement and temperature data were recorded using Labview.
Online since: March 2013
Authors: Bin Deng, Yuan Fu Yi, Zheng Wang, Li Sheng Zhao, Ning Wen, Long Quan Shao, Bin Gu, Yan Zhao, Jian Feng Chen
Methods: This software used the 6 dental prosthetic materials and color data from 4 shade guide system which were most frequently-used in clinic currently as basic database, to program 5 functional blocks including respectively CCS/CCM system; Dental Material Chromatic Value System; Vita Information System; Transformation of Colorimeter System; and Chromatic Value Difference Analysis.
In recent years, the lack data of ceramic and Zirconia ceramic which are extensively used in clinical led to the reduction of clinical applicability.
This test with manufacturers to provide repair materials, strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's requirements of sintering production-grade color, its color can more accurately represent the chroma value labels of dental materials, medical and research use, this program is not only to provide a convenient mode of the query, can also provide data for computer color selection information.
Through query this software, oral repair section doctors, and technician, and related research personnel, can informed 4 species different chords than color plate of chroma value distribution, turn can understanding master than color plate in color space of chroma distribution law and the the parts of chromatic aberration value, and can pursuant to reality more reasonable of application, produced more ideal of repair body, also can for computer selected color provides data reference.
Therefore, this method can convert any color measurement instrument, the measured color swatches of material data collection and enter the software, then this instrument for matching colors, you can get more accurate results, with high repeatability.
In recent years, the lack data of ceramic and Zirconia ceramic which are extensively used in clinical led to the reduction of clinical applicability.
This test with manufacturers to provide repair materials, strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's requirements of sintering production-grade color, its color can more accurately represent the chroma value labels of dental materials, medical and research use, this program is not only to provide a convenient mode of the query, can also provide data for computer color selection information.
Through query this software, oral repair section doctors, and technician, and related research personnel, can informed 4 species different chords than color plate of chroma value distribution, turn can understanding master than color plate in color space of chroma distribution law and the the parts of chromatic aberration value, and can pursuant to reality more reasonable of application, produced more ideal of repair body, also can for computer selected color provides data reference.
Therefore, this method can convert any color measurement instrument, the measured color swatches of material data collection and enter the software, then this instrument for matching colors, you can get more accurate results, with high repeatability.
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Qian Luo, Na Li, Qi Liu, Meng He Shi
The critical data of various indexes are different at the same class in Table 1,translate them into comparable data of columns in order to eliminate the influence and each index is dimensionless ,with the first class being the standard item, separately the various index is divided by the first index {(1,2,3,4 index score)/(the first index score)}.Quantitative score of Table 1 is proceeded with dimensionless and then get the critical whitenzation number of non-dimensional classification that can be seen in Table 2.
The sample value of original data non-dimensioned will be substituted into whitenzation function .
Data used in the paper are obtained in the way of experts’ consultant.
The process of original data is shown in Table 4 while Table 5 is the dimensionless processing of raw data.
Table 4 Original data samles Evaluating index Max score Case I Case II Score of Case I Score of Case II Table 1 Max score Dimensionless in Case I Dimensionless in Case II CS 12 10 19 83.33 75 100 0.833 0.750 CWP 20 14 16 70 80 100 0.700 0.800 AP 12 8 10 66.67 83.33 80 0.833 1.042 ECR 12 10 10 83.33 83.33 100 0.833 0.833 IUE 12 8 8 66.67 66.67 100 0.667 0.667 WRC 16 11 13 68.75 81.25 100 0.688 0.813 IWU 16 10 10 62.5 62.5 100 0.625 0.625 MS 16 10 9 62.5 56.25 80 0.625 0.563 UGM 24 15.5 15 62.71 62.5 80 0.784 0.781 CT 16 10 13 62.5 81.25 100 0.625 0.813 EM 20 15 16 75 80 100 0.750 0.800 Table 5 Non-dimensional processing of original data Clustering index Project number 1 CS 2 CWP 3 AP 4 ECR 5 IUE 6 WRC 7 IWU 8 MS 9 UGM 10 CT 11 EM Project 1 0.833 0.700 0.833 0.833 0.667 0.688 0.625 0.625 0.784 0.625 0.750 Project 2 0.750 0.800 1.042 0.833 0.667 0.813 0.625 0.563 0.781 0.813 0.800 From the two outcomes above, it can be seen that both Case I and Case II belongs to the
The sample value of original data non-dimensioned will be substituted into whitenzation function .
Data used in the paper are obtained in the way of experts’ consultant.
The process of original data is shown in Table 4 while Table 5 is the dimensionless processing of raw data.
Table 4 Original data samles Evaluating index Max score Case I Case II Score of Case I Score of Case II Table 1 Max score Dimensionless in Case I Dimensionless in Case II CS 12 10 19 83.33 75 100 0.833 0.750 CWP 20 14 16 70 80 100 0.700 0.800 AP 12 8 10 66.67 83.33 80 0.833 1.042 ECR 12 10 10 83.33 83.33 100 0.833 0.833 IUE 12 8 8 66.67 66.67 100 0.667 0.667 WRC 16 11 13 68.75 81.25 100 0.688 0.813 IWU 16 10 10 62.5 62.5 100 0.625 0.625 MS 16 10 9 62.5 56.25 80 0.625 0.563 UGM 24 15.5 15 62.71 62.5 80 0.784 0.781 CT 16 10 13 62.5 81.25 100 0.625 0.813 EM 20 15 16 75 80 100 0.750 0.800 Table 5 Non-dimensional processing of original data Clustering index Project number 1 CS 2 CWP 3 AP 4 ECR 5 IUE 6 WRC 7 IWU 8 MS 9 UGM 10 CT 11 EM Project 1 0.833 0.700 0.833 0.833 0.667 0.688 0.625 0.625 0.784 0.625 0.750 Project 2 0.750 0.800 1.042 0.833 0.667 0.813 0.625 0.563 0.781 0.813 0.800 From the two outcomes above, it can be seen that both Case I and Case II belongs to the
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Yan Jin Wang, Hong Ge Tao, Zhi Ping Zhang
DSC analysis data are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 The DSC data analysis of inorganic materials Phase Change Material Phase Transition Point [°C] Phase Transition Enthalpy [J/g] CaF2·4H2O 18.5 231.0 CaCl2·6H2O 29.7 171.0 Single Organic Material.
Some organic materials were tested using differential scanning calorimetry, and the DSC test data are shown in Table 3.
The research data of fatty acids and esters are shown in Table 4.
The research data are shown in Table 5.
Table 1 The DSC data analysis of inorganic materials Phase Change Material Phase Transition Point [°C] Phase Transition Enthalpy [J/g] CaF2·4H2O 18.5 231.0 CaCl2·6H2O 29.7 171.0 Single Organic Material.
Some organic materials were tested using differential scanning calorimetry, and the DSC test data are shown in Table 3.
The research data of fatty acids and esters are shown in Table 4.
The research data are shown in Table 5.
Online since: July 2015
Authors: Norshakila Rawai, Mohammad Abedi, Abdul Karim Bin Mirasa, Mohamad Syazli Fathi
It is an approach to outsource data with the aim of decreasing the data storage and reducing the management issues [21].
Main benefits of cloud computing implementation are: less infrastructure investment, convenience, flexibility, enhanced performance and cost reduction [5].
Cloud Computing System Architecture within the Precast Construction Industry Cloud computing technology sends and retrieves the data and various applications via the utilisation of internet and central remote servers including the application servers and the database server.
The integration of cloud computing, mobile clients (such as the smart mobile devices including the smartphones and tablets), servers and data center [4-6,9,19,23] and logistics management [24] could be applied for the precast supply chain management.
Furthermore, the cloud computing implementation within the precast construction industry, will deliver significant opportunities for improving the effectiveness and enhancing the appropriate information flow along with accessing to data, information and services.
Main benefits of cloud computing implementation are: less infrastructure investment, convenience, flexibility, enhanced performance and cost reduction [5].
Cloud Computing System Architecture within the Precast Construction Industry Cloud computing technology sends and retrieves the data and various applications via the utilisation of internet and central remote servers including the application servers and the database server.
The integration of cloud computing, mobile clients (such as the smart mobile devices including the smartphones and tablets), servers and data center [4-6,9,19,23] and logistics management [24] could be applied for the precast supply chain management.
Furthermore, the cloud computing implementation within the precast construction industry, will deliver significant opportunities for improving the effectiveness and enhancing the appropriate information flow along with accessing to data, information and services.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Yushaizad Yusof, Mohd Faiz Md. Adnan, Ralf Guenther, Mohd Hairi Mohd Zaman, Ahmad Asrul Ibrahim, Afida Ayob
These methods are Live Text Data, Live Cell Data and Live Graph Data
· Live Text Data: Display and record all live parameter of battery at a time set by the user
· Live Cell Data: Display and record voltage parameters on each cell in the battery pack
· Live Graph Data: Maximum only 4 parameters can be chosen to be displayed and recorded simultaneously in graph form over a range of time set by the user.
Fig. 3: Live graph data for battery charging process in 1 hour On Road Testing.
· Live Text Data: Display and record all live parameter of battery at a time set by the user
· Live Cell Data: Display and record voltage parameters on each cell in the battery pack
· Live Graph Data: Maximum only 4 parameters can be chosen to be displayed and recorded simultaneously in graph form over a range of time set by the user.
Fig. 3: Live graph data for battery charging process in 1 hour On Road Testing.