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Figure 1 shows the location of geometry measurement for the Au ball bonds and the location of the three indentations with its respective number that have been made on the cross sectioned of ball bonds.
According to Harman [15], HAZ is the weakest part of Au wire bonds because it has a larger grain structure than the rest of the wire bonds.
This is might be due to the increase of recovery and recrystallization of Au ball bond that happened during the increment of stage temperature for which it has reduced the yield strength and increase the deformation of Au ball bond because of the elimination of dislocations and the increment of grain size [27].
Soboyejo, “Nanoindentation measurements of the mechanical properties of polycrystalline Au and Ag thin films on silicon substrates: Effects of grain size and film thickness,” Mater.

They have shown that the deflocculation and dispersion of the cement grains are directly related to the adsorption of the superplasticizer on the surface of the particles.
By adsorbing on the cement surface, superplasticizers can enhance the rheological properties of the pastes by increasing the dispersion degree of cement grains [20].
Action of superplasticizers: Deflocculation of cement grains [22].
For example, in PC6, the use of superplasticizer enhances the maximum attraction between particles, which increases the number of sites available for nucleation and decreases the bridging distance between particles, resulting in an increase in yield stress, plastic viscosity, and sieve segregation resistance [11,12].

Table 1 Phy-chemical properties of soil soil pH 1:20 organic % texture (%) sand grain clay grain silt grain laterite 5.34 3.23 34.12 25.68 40.19 paddy soil 4.52 4.19 42.09 33.99 23.92 dry red soil 5.83 0.11 97.97 1.23 0.8 Biochar production.
After biomass was pyrolysed, the number of micropore and specific surface areas increased.

The current ASTM C406 and EN 12326 standards define roofing slate as fine-grained metamorphic rock with good development of cleavage.
The next rock in the range of metamorphism is slate s.s.: a fine-grained rock from the greenschist facies with a well-developed slaty cleavage.
Due to the homogeneity of the grain size and the penetrative cleavage, this lithotype is highly versatile and easy to shape for the slater.
The CaCO3 content is higher in B roofing slates due to the higher number of data compared with schists or phyllites.

The strength is determined by the mineral composition of the ore grains, which depends on the basicity of the blend [6, 7].
The existing scheme of the sintering process, widely applied in sintering plants of Ukraine The second reason is a significant size variation in the particles of the concentrate smaller than 0.1 mm in size, the negative effect of which on sintering performance was confirmed in study [14-16], and hard-grained iron ore and return.
The inequality of the change in the capillary impregnation height for each composition of the blend can be explained by the number of factors, namely, the instability of the surface properties of the materials within the composite, the change in the effective radius of the capillary, and others.
Indicators of grain size in different methods of pre-granulation Variation of the blend preparation The content of the fraction, % dеq, mm Standard deviation Variation coefficient +10, mm 3 – 10, mm 1 – 3, mm 0 – 1, mm Co-preparation 0.05 0.32 0.50 0.14 3.38 0.17 0.99 Preparation with the following composites Concentrate + iron ore 0.31 0.23 0.23 0.01 6.45 0.10 0.62 Concentrate + lime 0.23 0.40 0.40 0.03 5.17 0.13 0.80 Concentrate + limestone 0.29 0.32 0.32 0.01 5.77 0.12 0.70 Concentrate + iron ore + return 0.22 0.38 0.38 0.04 5.15 0.12 0.71 Concentrate +iron ore + lime 0.15 0.41 0.41 0.01 4.94 0.13 0.78 Concentrate + iron ore + limestone 0.35 0.33 0.33 0.04 5.84 0.14 0.82 Concentrate + return + lime 0.24 0.43 0.43 0.03 5.06 0.15 0.87 Concentrate + return + limestone 0.04 0.56 0.56 0.04 3.71 0.20 1.19 Concentrate + lime + limestone 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.01 5.06 0.13 0.79 Concentrate + iron ore + return + limestone 0.08

Introduction Recently, the number of publications on the additive technologies is explosive in nature [1-8].
The following main objectives must be solved within the identified problem: - develop approaches to creating the formation methods of solid solution local zones with a given configuration on the basis of powders of metal alloys on non-magnetic substrates using a robotic system based on a powerful fiber laser and the powder feeding; - carry out welding of non-magnetic and magnetic alloys with different composition on the non-magnetic substrate at different parameters of laser radiation and the feed rate of micro powders and obtain several series of samples; - determine the structural heterogeneities at the interface of the substrate and the solid solution and grain boundaries and compare with micro hardness data on their cross sections; - obtain data on the magnetization of the welded coatings on non-magnetic substrates after laser welding.
A study of the morphology and microstructure of the coatings was carried out by metallographic microscope Olympus GX71 and scanning electron microscope Hitachi S3400 type II after a preliminary ion beam etching to reveal grain boundaries and determine their phase composition by the method of energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
The Br_AlFeNiMn(8,5-4-5-1,5) bronze layer includes in its composition ferromagnetic elements: iron (3.95±0.03%) and nickel (4.99±0.03%) (Insert, Fig. 5) in the form of small micro crystallites, which is quasi-uniformly localized on the surface in the form of a high density of grains with sizes of 5-10 μm.

Primary coarse precipitates γ' are clearly visible at the grain boundaries and fine cuboidal γ' are embedded coherently throughout the γ matrix [1].
These bars have the same heat treatments as the discs (solution and aged) to obtain the nearest characteristics to the discs ones (same microstructure, same grain size ≥ 8 ASTM, and same hardness ≥ 410 HV30).
The only difference between the discs and the bars is the grain flow due to the last forging operation.
Acknowledgments The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2011) under grant agreement number 213855.

Compared to welds with oxides, oxide-free welds show 50 to 100% higher number of cycles to failure [30].
The Mg alloy AZ80 consists of grains with a grain size in the range of 630 µm.
Eutectic was found at the grain boundaries (Fig. 20).

At the same time laminar and equiaxed grains are present in the microstructure across all the surface states, showing no significant variation (no related images).
From Fig. 5(b) to (c) grains refinements occur in the subsurface [17] and were obtained by the action of the cold work of the burnishing ball, which oriented the deformation of the grains in the force applied direction.
The research outcomes presented herein were achieved within the framework of the SuPreAM project, supported by funding from the European Union’s Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS), project number 101112346.

With the developing technology, the usage of High Pressure Die Casting technology has increased significantly, produced part types and the number of parts produced on an annual basis has reached remarkable amounts with the shortening of cycle times.
High solidification rates cause fine grain seizes.