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Currently, a commercial proton exchange membrane applied in DMFCs is Nafion® (Du Pont), due to its proper mechanical, chemical and electrochemical properties, high proton conductivity at ambient temperature and optimum humidity condition [1].
Barrier properties of the membrane were determined by the measurement of methanol permeability.
Preparation and properties of high performance nanocomposite proton exchange membrane for fuel cell.
Preparation and barrier properties of SPEEK/Cloisite 15A®/TAP nanocomposite membrane for DMFC application.
Enhanced electrochemical properties of nanocomposite polymer electrolyte based on copolymer with exfoliated clays.

Therefore, the friction factor m at the die-workpiece interface in the simulation is assumed to be 0.05~0.15 [11].
To investigate the deformation patterns and characteristics of material flow into can and flange, the FEM simulation is conducted for selecting different gap heights (s), die corner radii (r) and friction factors (m), respectively.
Forming load increases significantly as friction factor increases when the gap height is small.
It is evident from the figure that the material flow is affected very much by the gap height for constant die corner radius.
The comparison has been attempted to investigate the effect of material properties, i.e. material parameter, on the flow characteristics into can.

They have proton conductivity, thermochemical stability and praiseworthy mechanical strength [6].
Jung et al. [11] fabricated IPMCs based on graphene reinforced Nafion polyelectrolyte membrane, and then investigated the electro-chemo-mechanical properties and actuation performances.
It can be clearly observed that an increase in SSMA content in the polyelectrolyte membrane leads to a dramatical increase in its IEC value because of the increase in density of functional groups: -COOH and –SO3H with strong ionic properties.
According to vehicle mechanisms and Grotthus‘hopping’, water uptake ratio is also an important factor that affects the ionic transportation in polyelectrolyte membranes and the resulting IPMCs [17].
Strategic Planning of Mechanical Engineering Discipline [M] (2011-2020) (in Chinese).

Design and Analysis of Model Following Control Structure with Nonlinear Plant JERZY Brzozka Department of Control Systems and Robotics, Maritime University of Szczecin, Mechanical Faculty, 70-205 Szczecin, Podgorna 51/53 St., Polan e-mail: j.brzozka@am.szczecin.pl Keywords: input-state, input-output linearization, model following control, ship course control Abstract.
The system in Fig. 2 has better properties than a system with an auxiliary proportional controller with an input signal (Fig. 1).
(The even factors in (Eq. 8) can be neglected [8]).
Assuming that the signal error is (Eq. 15) (15) where ψR – denotes desired ship course angle, and that the transient component of the course control error describes the following differential equation (Eq. 16) (16) and then placing (Eq. 15) into (Eq. 16) and assuming that, we obtain the equation (Eq. 17) (17) Substituting, in turn (Eq. 17) into (Eq. 14), and taking into account that, we obtain nonlinear control law (Eq. 18) [9] (18) b1 coefficient affects the rate of decay of the oscillations of the control system (a high value of b1 causes intense oscillation suppression); b0 coefficient affects the frequency of oscillation (the increasing b0 increases the frequency of oscillation).
The nonlinear plant, linearized by the input-output method has better properties (the shorter time control, acceptable control signals).

Triyana1, 2 1Nanomaterials Research Group, Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory (LPPT), Gadjah Mada University,Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia. 2Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural of Sciences, Gadjah Mada University,Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia. 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, GadjahMada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia aEmail: hsosiati@ugm.ac.id, hsosiati@gmail.com (corresponding author) Keywords: Sisal fiber, cellulose nanocrystal, SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR ABSTRACT.
The origin of the cellulose and the isolation method are the key factors affecting the morphology of isolated CNCs.
Dufresne, Cellulose nanocrystals and related nanocomposites: Review of some properties and challenges, J.
Panaitescu, Morphology and thermal properties of PLA-cellulose nanofibers composites, Carbohydrate Polym. 91 (2013) 377-384

Introduction The measurement of deformation fault probabilities is important to understand the mechanical properties of bulk nanograined materials as well as the structure of synthesized nanoparticles.
Here a simulation approach was employed as the level of precision and control allows for a systematic study of the many factors influencing the pattern.
Also the same atomic structure factor and polarization factor were applied to the small-angle pattern to be consistent with the Debye Function calculation.
The use of this scale parameter as well as the necessary polarization and atomic scattering factors, allows for a direct match of the PM2K modeled pattern and the Debye pattern without the use of a background function.
The variable scale factor was always found to be 1.0, which is a further verification of the normalization and analytical scale factor used.

The friction angle between pile and soil is a key factor for a friction pile.
The soil and pile material properties are shown in Table 3.
The pile material properties and soil parameters are listed in Table 4.
Soil strength affects pile’s stability.
Yumay: Interface properties of sands, Geotechnical Division, Vol. 108 (1982), p. 648-654

Although serious engineering accident does not happen, improper use of structure will lead to extremely uneven internal force distribution which will affect the structure’s ability to resist lateral force, especially under seismic load or other power loads.
Because transformation and reinforcement of existing building change the function of original structure as well as the mechanical characteristics, only from the point of view of strengthening the local component is far from enough.
On the other hand, it leads to inferior construction member rust removal, insufficient anti-rust primer cohesive force and comparatively short period use of paint, which often falls off in one to two years and affects the appearance of structure.
Based on above factors, in this coating project, different antirust processing modes are applied for original construction members and new ones.
Too big welding slot or improper welding process would result in welding residual stress between the old and new construction members and too large residual deformation, which affect properties of construction members and structure.

Oladejo3,c 1,2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
These factors have combined to propel the need for prompt investigations into the use of non-petroleum based fluids as cutting fluid.
They are cultivated and refined for specific performance properties and technical requirements.
Nair, Coconut oil as base oil for industrial lubricants – evaluation and modification of thermal, oxidative and low temperature properties.
Mahuttanyavanitch, Physical and mechanical properties of Jatropha curcas L. fruits, nuts and kernels.

The experiment (Table 2) was based on the Uniform Design with three factors[17].
A steady-state of digester operation was assumed when daily effluent properties and biogas production fluctuated in a narrow range (10%) which was achieved usually in three HRTs[4].
As shown in Figure 1, starting with pretreated TWAS not only affected the rate of methane production but it also affected the extent of TWAS digestion.
Sludge dewaterability was affected by colloid and soluble organic matters.
Additional factors such as plant capacity, sludge characteristics, energy requirement of the plant, disposal costs and regulatory requirements are major factors that would affect the economic analyses.