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At present, studies of polyaspartic acid ester have focused on polymerization, such as characterizations of morphological structure and mechanical property of the polyaspartic acid ester, surface topography, structural morphology and performance of coatings by the aging of salt spray and the UV / salt spray cycle [7～10].
Amine chemistries for isocyanate based coating [J].
Structure and properties of novel polyurea based on polyaspartic ester [J].

The adsorption and catalytic performance of the ACF are highly related to their surface chemistry characteristic.
Fig. 2 shows the XRD pattern of ACF1600 and ACF1600-Co, with peaks at 2θ = 25 °, 2θ = 44 °, which separately correspond to the disordered graphite structure (002) crystal plane and (010) crystal plane.
It can be seen that the two peaks are wider which indicates that carbon of ACF is in turbostratic graphite structure [6].

Production of activated carbon from ligin: Optimization using response surface methodology Li Jiang 1, a, Fei Ma 1,2 and Li Jun Zhang 1 , Yang Ying He 1 1School of Chemistry ＆ Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Teachers University of Technology, Changzhou 213001,China 2 The College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering ,Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China aEmail: zhimeijiang@gmail.com ; jl@jstu.edu.cn Keywords: lignin； activated carbon；BET surface area；response surface methodology Abstract.
Generally, lignin percentage in black liquor ranges commonly between 1and 2 %, whereas in residue lignin accounted 30–40%[1].The Output of ligin from papermaking is about 50 million tons in the world, which presently are underutilized and are often burning as a fuel [1-3], although there are some other marginal applications, such as an adhesive or tanning agent, no major large scale application has so far been found[4-6].In fact, as lignin has a high carbon content and amolecular structure similar to bituminous coal it ought to be an ideal precursor of activated carbon （AC）[4].
The temperature increase raises reaction rates between the char and NaOH, leading to the development of theporous structure due to the formation and opening of the pores.

The lactic acid results in the solubilization of colloidal calcium phosphate, the destabilization of the inherent structure of casein micelles, leading to their flocculation into clusters and subsequent linking into a particulate gel [1].
It can be speculate that the propagation of ultrasonic waves in a gel structure can be different from that in particle dispersion and therefore a scattering theory for dispersions may not describe the values of velocity in gel [2].
Sarvazyan: Annual Review of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Vol. 20 (1991), pp.321-342

Preparation and Characterization of as-cast and hot-rolled Mg-5Al-0.3Mn-1Ce alloy Jianli Wang1,a, Jianping Li1,b, Limin Wang2,c, Lidong Wang2,d 1School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China 2State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China ajlwang@xatu.edu.cn, bjpli0416@yahoo.com.cn, clmwang@ciac.jl.cn, dldwang@ciac.jl.cn Keywords: Mg-5Al-0.3Mn-1Ce alloy; Hot rolling; Microstructure; Mechanical properties Abstract.
Grain structure is illustrated in Fig.2b and average grain size is about 500 μm.
Fig. 1 XRD patterns of as-cast Mg-5Al-0.3Mn-1Ce alloy Fig. 2 (a) optical microstructure and (b) grain structure of as-cast alloy Fig. 3 is the optical microstructure of hot-rolled Mg-5Al-0.3Mn-1Ce alloy with different thickness reduction, which is parallel to hot rolling direction.

It shows clearly hollow structure.
This indicates that the MWNTs have much less defects in lattice structure.
Meng of Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) for the aid in SEM analysis, and Prof.

XRD pattern (diffractogram) indicates thath a poor crystalline nature of typical apatite crystal structure with broad diffracted peaks could be obtained.
Rani, Osteointegration of titanium implant is sensitive to specific nano structure morphology. 8 (2012) 1976-1989
Stevens, Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999

As we know, the triglyceride structure of Soybean oils provides qualities desirable in a lubricant.
Thus, based on the XPS analysis in the present study, the SSO additive, in the molecules of which sulfur was chemically bonded into the triglyceride structure of Soybean oil, could also strongly adsorb onto the friction surfaces due to the long and polar molecular origin of Soybean oil.
Green Chemistry, 2002, 12 (4): 293-307 [12] Willing A.

Ltd), E. coli (provided by biology laboratory of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University), Rhodmine B (RhB, Sigma-Aldrich), Silver nitrate (AgNO3), and Ammonium solution (NH3·H2O) were purchased from Aladdin Chemistry Co.
The other diffraction peaks are assigned to polymorph TiO2-B nanowire which is converted from the layered hydrogen titanate structure.
Gopinath, Synthesis, characterization, electronic structure, and photocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanocatalyst, Chem.

Monirul Islam 1,d , Hyun-Mi Jin1,e, Keun-Ho Lee1,f, Ho-Hyoun Jang1,g, Whan-Gi Kim 1,a* a Department of Applied Chemistry/RIC-ReSEM, Konkuk University, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea a s0673231@konkuk.ac.kr, bh3boy@hanmail.net, cloveknotsh@hanmail.net, d monirul_acct@yahoo.com, e01191153456@hanmail.net, f lkh8259@nate.com, g bomeber@dreamwiz.com, a*wgkim@kku.ac.kr Keywords: fuel cell; poly(ether sulfone); nitration; reduction; amine-polymer; proton exchange membrane; proton conductivity Abstract.
Most of the chemical structure of polymer membranes have sulfonic acid groups directly attach on aromatic rings.
Chemical structures of S-APES were identified by 1H NMR, shown in Fig. 1.