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At the same time laminar and equiaxed grains are present in the microstructure across all the surface states, showing no significant variation (no related images).
From Fig. 5(b) to (c) grains refinements occur in the subsurface [17] and were obtained by the action of the cold work of the burnishing ball, which oriented the deformation of the grains in the force applied direction.
The research outcomes presented herein were achieved within the framework of the SuPreAM project, supported by funding from the European Union’s Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS), project number 101112346.

Figure 1 shows the location of geometry measurement for the Au ball bonds and the location of the three indentations with its respective number that have been made on the cross sectioned of ball bonds.
According to Harman [15], HAZ is the weakest part of Au wire bonds because it has a larger grain structure than the rest of the wire bonds.
This is might be due to the increase of recovery and recrystallization of Au ball bond that happened during the increment of stage temperature for which it has reduced the yield strength and increase the deformation of Au ball bond because of the elimination of dislocations and the increment of grain size [27].
Soboyejo, “Nanoindentation measurements of the mechanical properties of polycrystalline Au and Ag thin films on silicon substrates: Effects of grain size and film thickness,” Mater.

They have shown that the deflocculation and dispersion of the cement grains are directly related to the adsorption of the superplasticizer on the surface of the particles.
By adsorbing on the cement surface, superplasticizers can enhance the rheological properties of the pastes by increasing the dispersion degree of cement grains [20].
Action of superplasticizers: Deflocculation of cement grains [22].
For example, in PC6, the use of superplasticizer enhances the maximum attraction between particles, which increases the number of sites available for nucleation and decreases the bridging distance between particles, resulting in an increase in yield stress, plastic viscosity, and sieve segregation resistance [11,12].

The strength is determined by the mineral composition of the ore grains, which depends on the basicity of the blend [6, 7].
The existing scheme of the sintering process, widely applied in sintering plants of Ukraine The second reason is a significant size variation in the particles of the concentrate smaller than 0.1 mm in size, the negative effect of which on sintering performance was confirmed in study [14-16], and hard-grained iron ore and return.
The inequality of the change in the capillary impregnation height for each composition of the blend can be explained by the number of factors, namely, the instability of the surface properties of the materials within the composite, the change in the effective radius of the capillary, and others.
Indicators of grain size in different methods of pre-granulation Variation of the blend preparation The content of the fraction, % dеq, mm Standard deviation Variation coefficient +10, mm 3 – 10, mm 1 – 3, mm 0 – 1, mm Co-preparation 0.05 0.32 0.50 0.14 3.38 0.17 0.99 Preparation with the following composites Concentrate + iron ore 0.31 0.23 0.23 0.01 6.45 0.10 0.62 Concentrate + lime 0.23 0.40 0.40 0.03 5.17 0.13 0.80 Concentrate + limestone 0.29 0.32 0.32 0.01 5.77 0.12 0.70 Concentrate + iron ore + return 0.22 0.38 0.38 0.04 5.15 0.12 0.71 Concentrate +iron ore + lime 0.15 0.41 0.41 0.01 4.94 0.13 0.78 Concentrate + iron ore + limestone 0.35 0.33 0.33 0.04 5.84 0.14 0.82 Concentrate + return + lime 0.24 0.43 0.43 0.03 5.06 0.15 0.87 Concentrate + return + limestone 0.04 0.56 0.56 0.04 3.71 0.20 1.19 Concentrate + lime + limestone 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.01 5.06 0.13 0.79 Concentrate + iron ore + return + limestone 0.08

Introduction Recently, the number of publications on the additive technologies is explosive in nature [1-8].
The following main objectives must be solved within the identified problem: - develop approaches to creating the formation methods of solid solution local zones with a given configuration on the basis of powders of metal alloys on non-magnetic substrates using a robotic system based on a powerful fiber laser and the powder feeding; - carry out welding of non-magnetic and magnetic alloys with different composition on the non-magnetic substrate at different parameters of laser radiation and the feed rate of micro powders and obtain several series of samples; - determine the structural heterogeneities at the interface of the substrate and the solid solution and grain boundaries and compare with micro hardness data on their cross sections; - obtain data on the magnetization of the welded coatings on non-magnetic substrates after laser welding.
A study of the morphology and microstructure of the coatings was carried out by metallographic microscope Olympus GX71 and scanning electron microscope Hitachi S3400 type II after a preliminary ion beam etching to reveal grain boundaries and determine their phase composition by the method of energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
The Br_AlFeNiMn(8,5-4-5-1,5) bronze layer includes in its composition ferromagnetic elements: iron (3.95±0.03%) and nickel (4.99±0.03%) (Insert, Fig. 5) in the form of small micro crystallites, which is quasi-uniformly localized on the surface in the form of a high density of grains with sizes of 5-10 μm.

There are a number of compelling motivations for the study of these exotic materials.
Using periodic approximants allows access to the DFT methodology which is applicable to periodic systems; the number of atoms in the models is restricted to manageable numbers by carefully choosing the order of the approximant and the size of the slab under consideration.
This number is too large for the calculations to be feasible.
Studies of other surfaces are few in number.
The number of reports of studies of the clean surfaces of giant unit cell materials looks set to increase.

It has also been documented that applying ultrasonic or mechanical vibration to a solidifying melt can lead to grain refinement of the alloy and formation of a non-dendritic and globular structure [13, 14].
For image processing, a total number of 100 randomly selected particles were analyzed in a total measured area of 300 mm2 per specimen.
A number of these nuclei are detached from the surface as a result of applying shear stress and are distributed into the melt to generate a large number of refined primary Mg2Si particles.
Therefore the number of nuclei suspended in the molten alloy entering the mold cavity is increased and consequently the size of Mg2Si particles is decreased.
The number of the seed crystals and the extent of the shear stress applied on them are therefore affected by the vibration action.

Based on the image, the selection of an appropriate number of magnetrons corresponding to the defects to heat can be made.
Two steps algorithm was adopted: first, transformation of grayscale image into binary image by thresholding algorithm is conducted and second, through region growing, the defect pixels are gathered together and grain noise pixels in background are eliminated.
The number of grids equals to the magnetrons' number.
For one thing, the manual is unrestricted with the number and location of the defects.
Because the limited number of pins of MCU has to manipulate a large number of magnetrons, some signal latching components are used.

The mechanisms of defect formation, migration and annealing at the atomic scale, ranging from grain boundaries, dislocations, single atomic and cluster vacancies to nanoscale voids and surface effects, are fundamental to understanding material properties and functionalities by modifying their electrical, mechanical, dielectric and magnetic properties.
One should keep in mind, that higher atomic numbers of the projectile as well as for the target nuclei result in higher Coulomb-barriers and thus increasing the necessary beam energy.
Moreover, the half-life of heavier daughter nuclides tends to increase for higher atomic numbers, again given by the repulsive Coulomb-barrier, but now the one for b+-emission.
Additionally, lower decay energies and higher atomic numbers favor b+-decay over electron capture.
Since the atomic mass roughly scales with Z, the radiation length scales approximately with the inverse atomic number.

The experiment uses three kind of structure types to carry on the contrast, the load supposes the spare wheel rut tester, the wheel-pressure is 0.7MPa, the roller compaction speed is 42 /min, the experimental temperature for 60℃, uses the brae bed reflection crack development highly along with the load function number of times relations for the experiment evaluating indicator.
Table 11 Anti-reflective cracking simulation test structure type Scheme Numbers Pavement structure types Structure total ply/cm Ⅰ 5cm AC13 Asphalt concrete+ C30 Concrete Slab 10 Ⅱ 5cm AC13 Asphalt concrete + Fiberglass grid+ C30 Concrete Slab 10 Ⅲ 5cm AC13（0.4%RK300）Asphalt concrete+C30 Concrete Slab 10 Uses the eccentric loading.
Fig. 3 Central Load Fig. 4 Eccentric Load Fig. 5 Scale map of reflective cracking in asphalt layer Under the non-central load function, observes each kind to spread separately the structure reflection crack at the beginning of crack, to expand to 1cm, 2cm, 3cm and finally the cracking number of times, finally see Table 12.
Table 12 Eccentric loading endurance test result Scheme Numbers Pavement structure types Crack propagation into different scale when fatigue times/times Initial crack 1cm 2cm 3cm Finally cracked Ⅰ 5cmAC13 Asphalt concrete+5cm Concrete Slab 1120 3248 6510 9290 10012 Ⅱ 5cm Asphalt concrete +Fiberglass grid+5cm Concrete Slab 1848 4284 7434 12138 14212 Ⅲ 5cmAC13（0.4%RK300）Asphalt concrete +C30 Concrete Slab 2781 5423 9876 13356 17808 It was found, for the program Ⅰ, when the eccentric load to 1120 the number of times, cement concrete cracks at the seams along the bottom gradually expanded, cracks extended upward along the vertical direction basically, but some small cracks in the development of the both sides of the diagonal, when the crack extended to 3cm scale cracks developed rapidly, when the load times to 10012 times, the asphalt layer completely broken.
PlanⅡ Asphalt concrete crack law of development is similar to planⅠ, When the non-central load function number of times is 1848 Brea bed bases starts to present the small crack, but crack to load function one side diagonal expansion, The expansion process is slow, when the load function number of times achieves 14212 times, the Brea bed breaks completely, this time tries the wheel to walk one side Bolivia filament grill and the concrete slab has the length to withdraw the phenomenon.