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The results are shown in Figs. 6a-6d, in which the number fraction is calculated by dividing the number of grains of certain sizes by the total number of grains counted.
This deformation-induced grain growth is associated with grain boundary migration, grain rotation, and grain coalescence, which will be discussed later in more detail.
The deformation amount is expressed in terms of true strain, and the number fraction is calculated by dividing the number of grains of certain sizes by the total number of grains counted.
The terms 'transverse' and 'axial' denote the direction perpendicular to and parallel to the loading direction, respectively. 0 20406080100 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 Number fraction Grain size (nm) 0% Transverse 0 20406080100 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 Number fraction Grain size (nm) 0% Axial 0 20406080100 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 Number fraction Grain Size (nm) 40% Transverse 0 20406080100 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 Number fraction Grain Size (nm) 40% Axial 0 40 80 120 160 200 0.00 0.05 0.10 Number fraction Grain size (nm) 140% Transverse 0 20406080100 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 Number fraction Grain size (nm) 140% Axial (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) In a uniaxial tensile test of nc-Ni, the plastic deformation is typically less than 2% [7, 15, 28].
Molecular dynamics simulations of uniaxial deformation of nanocrystalline metals revealed that grain boundary sliding takes place mainly via a large number of small local sliding events of atomic clusters that comprises a few or at most a few tens of GB atoms [33, 35, 36].

It is found that the thin film grain size present quantum state with the increasing of annealing temperature. 2.
The grain size is biggest crystallized at 900°C for 2h by FA, an average grain size of 30nm or so is obtained Fig.2 the sample annealed at 8400C by FA The SEM of Fig.2 shows crystallization by FA, from the Raman spectra an average grain size of 30nm has been obtained, however, the SEM of crystallization shows that grain size is 300nm or so.
This perhaps means that large particle group made there exists the grain boundary between their grains.
It is noted that the grain size means average grain size in the paper.
The transitions between quantum states with different quantum numbers should forced by the certain energies corresponding to the proper temperatures. 4.

Heat treatment is basically the combination of operations involving the heating and cooling of a metal or alloy in solid state for obtaining required microstructures by refining the grain size and a combination of properties.
In steels containing more than 0.8% carbon it exists as a grain boundary film.
Austenite consists of polyhedral grains showing twins.
The hardness number of the specimens was recorded before heat treatment
Its hardness number is less than hardening but greater than annealing.

Segregation of calcium to magnesium oxide grain boundaries F.
In the case of grain boundary 3, it is nearly 40%.
We assume that this is because the grain surfaces are not strictly planar.
Fig. 3 shows two sides of a fracture surface, with a certain number of GB facets identified on the "left" and "right" sides.
Acknowledgment The authors wish to acknowledge with thanks support of this research by the MRSEC Program of the National Science Foundation under award number DMR-0079996.

The number of dynamic recrystallization grains is less at lower temperature and higher strain rate than higher temperature and lower strain rate.
The initial grain size was about 80μm (Fig.1).
Generally, the number of dynamic recrystallization grains is less at lower temperature and higher strain rate than that at higher temperature and lower strain rate.
Fig. 4 Dislocation structures of the deformed material at T=623K and =0.01s−1 (a) in the vicinity of initial grain boundaries (b) inside of the subgrains (c) inside of the twins A number of twins are visible in compressive specimens.
(2) DRX grains gradually occur in the vicinity of initial grain boundaries.

In the extraction of intact RSG, the functional compound is separated from grains while reducing phenolic content in grains as preparation for further process of grains in wet milling to produce the sorghum flour.
The grain was dissolved in the solvent chamber of the UAE system with mass ratio solvent: a grain of 10:1 (w/w).
The grain was presumed to be spherical.
dCCdt=Ng.S.kcVH.X0+Vmg.CC0-Ng.S.kcVH.Vmg+1.CC (1) In Eq 1,CC (g/cm3) = the concentration of desirable compound in extract; t (minute) = time; Ng (grains) = the number of grains submerged in solvent; kC (cm-1.minute-1) = the mass transfer’s coefficient; V (cm3) = solvent volume; mg (g) = mass of solid matrix; CC0 (g/cm3) = initial concentration of the compound in solvent; H (gpericarp.cmsolvent-3) = coefficient of distribution; S (cm2/grain) = the area of pericarp surface; X (g/g solid matrix) = the desirable compound’s content in the solid matrix; X0 (g/ g solid matrix) = the initial desirable compound’s content in the solid matrix.
A large number of collapsed bubbles caused the extremely fast replacement in any stagnant layer.

The number and the size of the second phase particles on the grain boundaries did not depend on the copper content.
The size of the second phase particles on the grain boundaries was less than a 0.5µm diameter, and the number of second phase particles on the grain boundaries was less than 100 per mm.
This result suggests that the total length of the second phase particles on the grain boundaries per the length of the grain boundaries was less than 5%.
The number and the size of second phase particles on the grain boundaries did not depend on the solution heat treatment time.
The size of the second phase particles on the grain boundaries was less than 0.5µm, and the number of second phase particles on the grain boundaries was less than 100 per mm.

Non-homogeneous melting then takes place at these places, and the inner crystal grains melt more easily in liquid surroundings presented by the melting grain boundaries.
The total number of carbon atoms in the polycrystalline system is 156,226, and the number of the atoms in the grain boundaries is 25,464 which is 16.3% of the total number.
Atoms with the most populous coordination number 4, that is the atoms in a perfect diamond lattice, are coloured with gray; similarly, atoms with the second most populous coordination number 3, in grain boundary, are coloured with forestgreen.
Other atoms with the coordination number 1, 2 and 5, also in grain boundary, are coloured with turquoise, burlywood and red, respectively.
However, some parts of the grain boundaries were melted as some atoms in this area have fewer numbers of coordinations than in the initial stage (the amount of the atoms coloured with turquoise and burlywood increased).

All of the dislocations and subgrain boundaries in the grains, the martensite in the martensite-austenite islands of the grainy bainite structure, the dispersed phases in the grains and at the grain boundaries, and the grain size were observed and studied in our experiments.
The grains belong to fine ones.
Fine grains, long grain boundaries, large numbers of grains with different orientation, all these increase resistance to dislocations movement and improve strength and toughness.
Fine grain is relative to dispersed particles pinning up the grain boundaries.
Investigations indicate that the number of dispersed particles in the hot-rolled-cooled samples is lower than that in the samples tempered at 200～350℃.

The total number of points in such diagrams is equal to that in each GPF.
The same number of points is contained in the correlation diagrams.
Mechanisms a There are a number of reasons for the revealed difference in substructure conditions between texture maxima and minima.
The greater the number of fluctuations, experienced by the grain, the higher are the density of new subboundaries and resulting strain hardening.
At the same time, the most probable neighbors of the grain belonging to the texture minimum are the grains from the texture maximum.