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Mechanical attrition, thus, the mechanical alloying or milling of powders is known to be a very useful and powerful method of obtaining nanocrystalline or ultrafine grain structures with enhanced properties [4,5].
This is because of several factors, including: process simplicity; it requires relatively inexpensive equipment (on the laboratory scale); its economic viability; it is applicable to basically all classes of materials; MA has a number of technical advantages and it can be scaled up easily.
However, a number of solutions have also been suggested to minimize/avoid contamination completely.
Intermediate Crystalline Phases: A number of titanium-based intermediate phases (including intermetallic compounds) have been produced by MA.
Peak broadening indicates reduction in the grain sizes.

Samples were taken every thirty minutes to measure specific surface, and to make X-ray phase analysis; stoichiometric deviations in titanium carbide were determined on Debye powder pattern according to [11] procedure, and estimation of grain-size distribution of the obtained material.
Further, grain-size distribution, specific surface of the material under grinding, X-ray phase analysis, and stoichiometry on Debye powder pattern were identified.
The material was passed through the grinding chamber for a certain number of times to frame general grinding distances of 1, 2, and 3 m.
A curve of state density N(E) is universal for stoichiometric titanium monocarbide with B1 structure (a model of a “rigid” zone); as for the Fermi level, its state is determined by means of equality between the number of occupied states and the number of peripheral electrons Z within elementary cell depending on Z only.

One of the ways to solve this problem is the use of composite binders (KV), which allows to exclude a number of additives from the composition of the mixtures, as well as to provide the required physical, mechanical and rheological properties along with a decrease in the cement content.
Long-wave fragments of the Raman spectra of quartz: a) metamorphic b) magmatic Genesis; 1-reference spectrum, 2– activation within 6 h, 3 – mechanical activation for 10 h Table 1 Properties of quartz components of different Genesis Quartz raw materials Grinding time, h Specific surface area, m2 / kg Mineral composition and microstructural characteristics of quartz Number of x-rays- amorphous phase, % α-quartz β-quartz m m – contents by weight (weight. %); , % ОКР ОКР – region of coherent scattering (the size of the crystallites) , nm m, % ОКР, nm Metamorphogenic quartz 2 530 75 60 25 15 67 3 640 70 30 74 4 700 67 33 79 5 710 67 33 82 6 720 66 34 84 Igneous quartz 2 350 86 14 63 3 480 82 18 70 4 550 80 20 76 5 580 79 21 78 6 600 78 22 80 Silica quartz raw materials and components: the study of amorphization and a binder component During mechanical activation of quartz material, processes of amorphization of
Based on the analysis of quartz of a number of deposits of the Russian Federation, a direct correlation between the concentrations of x-ray amorphous silica formed on the surface of dispersed quartz as a chemically active component, high-temperature β-quartz and the quality coefficient of quartz raw materials as a component of the composite binder (table. 2).
Characteristics of Sands taking into account their application in composite binders and fine-grained concretes [Text] / L.N.
V. influence of operational impacts on salinity in fine-grained concrete [Text] / I.

With increasing number of AsGa and MnI, the hole concentration and consequently the Curie temperature of GaMnAs decreases.
The authors, however, found that above a critical hole concentration g=nh/xMn, the Curie temperature is only weakly sensitive to the number of As anti-sites.
It therefore was concluded that surface VZn in the ZnO nano-grains are the origin of the ferromagnetic properties.
Consequently, the ferromagnetic properties in this composite are not related to the interface defects of the grains.
Baretzky, Magnetization study of nanograined pure and Mn-doped ZnO films: Formation of a ferromagnetic grain-boundary foam, Phys.

Mechanical vibration shows the remarkable effect on dendrite fragmentation, grain refinement, flow of metal, shrinkage cavity improvement, porosity and casting performance, which have been proven in the studies of F.Taghavi, H.Saghafian, Zhao Jianhua, Jiang Fan, etc[6-12].
Once the fluid is convergent or the maximum number of iterations is reached, the EDEM will run automatically.
For a certain period of time, the number of filling particles n in the complex cavity or difficult filling position is investigated to obtain the influence of different vibration parameters.
The number of particles n in the region is investigated in order to obtain the optimum scheme of the maximum number of particles.
The Orthogonal test is used to see the influence of the number of filling particles in the inspection area upon sensitive degree of DOF, frequency and amplitude.

So a number of cleaner production advanced and applicable technologies should research and use by the use of fiscal funds, then implement a number of cleaner production demonstration projects through establishing a number of typical enterprises in order to improve the level of cleaner production and encourage enterprises to low-carbon economic development.
First, the eco-agricultural model of forest-animal-grain or forest-fruit-economic food should be developed in plain and hilly area.
Combined with the creation work of resource-saving, environment-friendly society and environmental protection model city, a number of low-carbon cities and towns should be constructed through urban low-carbon operations and comprehensive development that of physical and mental health, and natural coordinated and harmonious in Jiangxi.
Combined with the creation work of ecological township and eco-villages, a number of low-carbon countries should be constructed in low-carbon through reducing dependence of fossil fuels and use of clean energy.
Second, residents in their daily lives should get rid of the so-called decent standard living with a lot of energy consumption and a large number of greenhouse gas emissions.

While plasma spraying, a number of parameters needs to be given special attention.
The L9 Orthogonal Array (OA) is selected according to the number of control factors and their different levels.
The polishing steps included rough polishing followed by emery paper polishing having grit number 220, 320, 400, 600, 800 and 1000.
The experiment number 3 with 70V, 2.8 psi cooling jet pressure and 2.5” spraying distance showed the maximum grey grade, 0.89.
Processing adhesion and electrical properties of silicon steel having non-oriented grains coated with silica and alumina sol–gel.

Among the different categories of laser surface treatment processes, laser hardening and laser melting are the simplest, since no supplementary materials are added, and they are particularly effective for processing ferrous alloys with grain refinement and uniformity of the acquired structure are the outcome.
In fact, these processes have been employed for improving the erosion and corrosion resistance of a number of ferrous alloys [6,7].
Unlike the nearly equiaxed ferrite grains microstructure of the as-received samples as shown in Fig. 2(a), the microstructure of the LH samples is composed of three regions based on their different microstructures the hardened zone (HZ), the heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal zone (BM) as revealed in Fig. 2(b).
The SEM micrographs (Fig. 3) show that the HZ consists of acicular martensite, whereas the HAZ contains martensite, carbide particles, MnS inclusions, and minor content of initial ferrite grain structures.

The number of the primary beam particles hitting the sample was measured to ~1% by a secondary monitor.
The analysis of the oxide powders at annealing times (DVt) ½ << r allows one to measure the exchange frequency Γ on the surface:    ,exp13)( 1 0   rt CtC (4) where the superscribed bar denotes an averaging over the grain sizes.
Moreover, using (3) it is possible to determine the volume diffusion coefficients DV over the temperature interval where the problem cannot be solved for coarse-grain or monocrystalline samples.
It is proved the sensitivity of traditional isotope methods is considerably improved here and fundamentally new methodical opportunities appear to study processes at the 'gas medium - solid' interface, as well as volume and grain-boundary diffusion in polycrystals.

(4) Choose coarse aggregate grading with less maximal grain size.
Adam Neville et al suggest [2]: that the smaller the maximal grain size is, the smaller the stress difference of interface between aggregate and slurry will be.
In addition, the strength of the small aggregate grain is higher than that of coarse one, because the maximal crack controlling the strength is eliminated during rock crushing
Table 6 Compressive Strength of Concrete with Large Dosage of Fly ash and Different Ratio of Water to Binding Material Dosage of binding material (%) Fluidity(mm) Compressive strength (MPa) No cement Fly ash W/C+F Water reducer % slump Spread 3d 28d 56d C 100 0 164 385 58.8 79.8 83.3 F5 50 50 253 684 25.1 56.1 68.6 F6 40 60 258 680 21.6 51.7 62.4 F7 30 70 0.30 2 250 670 19.1 48.4 58.2 1C 100 0 0 0 65.6 85.3 94.7 1F5 50 50 260 656 29.5 61.6 69.8 1F6 40 60 244 633 28.3 62.7 68.4 1F7 30 70 0.25 2 220 545 28.4 58.0 65.2 2C 100 0 0 0 71.3 94.2 102.9 2F5 50 50 236 469 45.6 81.6 90.8 2F6 40 60 210 443 40.2 77.3 82.3 2F7 30 70 0.22 2 191 412 37.3 77.2 78.8 Note: "1" before C、F5、F6、F7 denotes that the water-binding material ratio of concrete is 0.25, "2" denotes that the ratio is 0.22，no number denotes that the ratio is 0.3.