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Online since: October 2012
Authors: Li Xiang Zhang, Yun Zeng, Jing Qian, Tian Mao Xu
Introduction
Hamilton equation plays an important role in the physical modeling, and generalized Hamiltonian system describes the more widely dynamic system in[1], Compared with the traditional differential equation, generalized Hamiltonian systems differential equation is equivalent to traditional differential equation, but its structure and damping matrix provide internal coupling dynamic mechanism for system, Hamiltonian energy function can be used as Lyapunov function in some conditions, Therefore, through the establishment of the generalized Hamiltonian model to study the stability and control of the system is a new approach, On the aspect of generalized Hamiltonian system modeling theory, how to determine the Hamiltonian function is a core problem, because without a proper Hamiltonian function, the Hamiltonian system obtained can't reflect the system dynamic properties of internal relationships correctly.
Changing the circuit parameters and time constant of transfer function, some group of simulation results may be obtained, by analysis, the simulating response characteristics of equivalent circuit and the transfer function are consistent in step input ,while the former inhibition is stronger, but this factor does not affect the energy relationship of entire branch.
(9) (10) (11) Where δ is the rotor (rad), D is the damping coefficient, rf is the resistance of excitation winding in per unit, Tj is the inertia time constant (s), ωB is the base value of angular velocity, ω1=ω-1=Δω, ω is the angular velocity in per unit, mt is the mechanical torque, uf is the exciation voltage in per unit, the pf in (11) is the generalized momentum of excitation winding, defined as: pf =Xf Eq´/Xad.
Changing the circuit parameters and time constant of transfer function, some group of simulation results may be obtained, by analysis, the simulating response characteristics of equivalent circuit and the transfer function are consistent in step input ,while the former inhibition is stronger, but this factor does not affect the energy relationship of entire branch.
(9) (10) (11) Where δ is the rotor (rad), D is the damping coefficient, rf is the resistance of excitation winding in per unit, Tj is the inertia time constant (s), ωB is the base value of angular velocity, ω1=ω-1=Δω, ω is the angular velocity in per unit, mt is the mechanical torque, uf is the exciation voltage in per unit, the pf in (11) is the generalized momentum of excitation winding, defined as: pf =Xf Eq´/Xad.
Online since: July 2006
Authors: Y. Langsrud, Aferdita Vevecka-Priftaj, J. Fjerdingen, Vidar Hansen, J. Gjønnes
The
GP-zone formation is affected by the ratio between Mg, Zn and Si.
In order to investigate how these processes will affect the aging of 7xxx-alloys in industrial practice, a series of experimental alloys with different compositions of Mg, Zn, Fe and Si were prepared.
A possible explanation in the present system may be that the short dimension, i.e. the thickness of the disk-shaped precipitates does not increase during this stage, and that the surrounding strain field is an important factor in strengthening.
By sufficient attention to these effects of increased silicon content in the alloy, it may be possible to attain satisfactory mechanical properties.
Hatch: Aluminium Properties and Physical Metallurgy: American Society for Metals, Ohio, USA (1984) p.206 [13] M.J.
In order to investigate how these processes will affect the aging of 7xxx-alloys in industrial practice, a series of experimental alloys with different compositions of Mg, Zn, Fe and Si were prepared.
A possible explanation in the present system may be that the short dimension, i.e. the thickness of the disk-shaped precipitates does not increase during this stage, and that the surrounding strain field is an important factor in strengthening.
By sufficient attention to these effects of increased silicon content in the alloy, it may be possible to attain satisfactory mechanical properties.
Hatch: Aluminium Properties and Physical Metallurgy: American Society for Metals, Ohio, USA (1984) p.206 [13] M.J.
Online since: June 2011
Authors: C.T. Chung, Shen Yung Lin, Y.Y. Cheng
Under high-temperature situation, titanium alloy can well maintain its favorable mechanical properties, while the strength of titanium alloy may increase and its toughness can be well preserved as lowering temperature below normal.
Hong et al. [6] reviewed how the temperature affects Ti-6Al-4V properties, and compared different cryogenic cooling strategies.
RELATED THEORY 2.1 Material properties of titanium alloy Titanium alloys possess the advantages of good strength-to-weight ratio, superior corrosion resistance, reliable properties at low and high temperatures, sound toughness and fatigue endurance, thereby they have been widely used in the aerospace, biomedical, automotive and motorcycle, petroleum, daily living substance consumption, and sport and leisure equipment industries etc.
Furthermore, the results reveal that the main factor affecting surface roughness is the feed rate.
This is strongly affected by depth of cut.
Hong et al. [6] reviewed how the temperature affects Ti-6Al-4V properties, and compared different cryogenic cooling strategies.
RELATED THEORY 2.1 Material properties of titanium alloy Titanium alloys possess the advantages of good strength-to-weight ratio, superior corrosion resistance, reliable properties at low and high temperatures, sound toughness and fatigue endurance, thereby they have been widely used in the aerospace, biomedical, automotive and motorcycle, petroleum, daily living substance consumption, and sport and leisure equipment industries etc.
Furthermore, the results reveal that the main factor affecting surface roughness is the feed rate.
This is strongly affected by depth of cut.
Online since: September 2011
Authors: Da Sheng Luo, Xing Guang Chen, Chao Xiao, Ke Neng Zhang
Soil condition is a major impact factor on the strength of cemented soil.
However, most researches on the elements which affect the cemented soil strength were concluded from the laboratory scale with the samples made in the lab, which cannot truly reflect the mechanical properties of cemented soil in complex geological conditions.
The detailed physical properties of the formation is shown in Table.1.
Table1 Physical properties of foundation soils Order of the layer.
The cement-soil piles in field is a mixture composed of cement soil and soil block, the detailed mechanical characteristics requires further investigate.
However, most researches on the elements which affect the cemented soil strength were concluded from the laboratory scale with the samples made in the lab, which cannot truly reflect the mechanical properties of cemented soil in complex geological conditions.
The detailed physical properties of the formation is shown in Table.1.
Table1 Physical properties of foundation soils Order of the layer.
The cement-soil piles in field is a mixture composed of cement soil and soil block, the detailed mechanical characteristics requires further investigate.
Online since: March 2008
Authors: Gérard Bernhart, Vincent Velay, Denis Delagnes
In a first part the microstructural mechanisms responsible for the cyclic
softening of tempered martensitic steels and fatigue rupture are recalled, and their relationship with
the mechanical properties are described.
In such conditions, steel may be subjected during its life to a continuous evolution of its microstructure and related properties
Nevertheless, probably due to experimental difficulties, microstructural parameters (connected with small secondary carbides and dislocations inherited from the quench) giving suitable mechanical properties after heat treatment and during fatigue are never totally investigated.
Die material development requires the optimisation of each elements in order to achieve special properties for each application.
Dwell times also introduce time dependent effects and thus, affect the lifetime.
In such conditions, steel may be subjected during its life to a continuous evolution of its microstructure and related properties
Nevertheless, probably due to experimental difficulties, microstructural parameters (connected with small secondary carbides and dislocations inherited from the quench) giving suitable mechanical properties after heat treatment and during fatigue are never totally investigated.
Die material development requires the optimisation of each elements in order to achieve special properties for each application.
Dwell times also introduce time dependent effects and thus, affect the lifetime.
Online since: October 2015
Authors: Mohd Ashraf Mohamad Ismail, Norzani Mahmood, Romziah Azit, Sharifah Farah Fariza Syed Zainal
An analytical method is used to analyze the behavior of the tunnel under high overburden stress based on rock strength and tangential stress factors.
Deep underground in-situ stresses may greatly affect the stability of the underground opening, particularly when the induced stresses surrounding the opening exceed the strength of the rock mass [2,5].
This test provides a quick and inexpensive measure of surface hardness and is widely used to estimate the mechanical properties of rock materials [11].
An analytical method was used to analyze tunnel behavior under high overburden stress based on the strength factor and tangential stress.
Deep underground in-situ stresses may greatly affect the stability of the underground opening, particularly when the induced stresses surrounding the opening exceed the strength of the rock mass [2,5].
This test provides a quick and inexpensive measure of surface hardness and is widely used to estimate the mechanical properties of rock materials [11].
An analytical method was used to analyze tunnel behavior under high overburden stress based on the strength factor and tangential stress.
Online since: February 2019
Authors: B.A. Kulakov, V.K. Dubrovin, O.M. Zaslavskaya
The quality of castings is directly affected by the specifications of mold shells, including their resistance to thermal shock they can sustain when exposed to poured metal, i.e. their heat resistance.
Therefore, the one-time heat resistance of molds can be evaluated by the factor of time, i.e. in seconds
The defined heat-resistance criteria enable calculating the heat resistance of a mold provided that some properties of the metal and of the mold itself are known.
The methodology for determining the elastic properties were based on recording the specimen deformation as a function of the applied load Р.
Kingery, Property Measurements at High Temperatures.
Therefore, the one-time heat resistance of molds can be evaluated by the factor of time, i.e. in seconds
The defined heat-resistance criteria enable calculating the heat resistance of a mold provided that some properties of the metal and of the mold itself are known.
The methodology for determining the elastic properties were based on recording the specimen deformation as a function of the applied load Р.
Kingery, Property Measurements at High Temperatures.
Online since: October 2013
Authors: Quan Yuan, Yu Yang He
Fig. 2 Damage of specimens Fig. 3 Damage of specimens
Deformation Properties and Ductility
In conjunction with Fig. 2, Fig. 3 shows the damage, found specimen conversion layer over the layer member is more serious damaged, and further observed that the conversion layer member despite a certain degree of damage, but occurs mainly populated block destruction, the ribs are not significantly affected cell, then its capacity has not changed significantly.
Ductility factor reflects the structure or component into the plastic deformation phase indicator, and its expression is: (1) Where, Δu is the limit destruction of the specimen displacement test data taken down to the limit value of the load corresponding to 85% of the displacement, Δy is the yield displacement of the specimen.
Conclusions The bottom frame ribbed composite wall structure of its conversion layer took place shear failure mode of destruction, highlighting the wall three phases mechanical characteristics and reflecting the wall blocks.
Ductility factor reflects the structure or component into the plastic deformation phase indicator, and its expression is: (1) Where, Δu is the limit destruction of the specimen displacement test data taken down to the limit value of the load corresponding to 85% of the displacement, Δy is the yield displacement of the specimen.
Conclusions The bottom frame ribbed composite wall structure of its conversion layer took place shear failure mode of destruction, highlighting the wall three phases mechanical characteristics and reflecting the wall blocks.
Online since: August 2010
Authors: Xin Wei Yang, Hong Gao Man, Rui Lan Tian
Introduction
As construction material, concrete has been widely used in many engineering field and concrete
properties have been studied by more and more researchers [1-2].
The method has the great requirement of surface features and illumination because of correlation calculation of intensity distribution; Correlation calculation is implemented through transition of subregion and affected by rigid body rotation.
References [1] Wu Lang, Fang Shuiping, Wan Ni, "Experimental research on tensile strength of concrete at early age", Jiangxi Science, vol 25, 2007, p. 175-178 [2] Hu Shisheng, Wang Daorong, Liu Jianfei, "Experimental study of dynamic mechanical behavior of concrete", Engineering Mechanics, vol 18, 2001, p. 115-118 [3] Huang Chengkui, Shang Renjie, Zhao Guofan, "Test method for concrete under dynamic tension", Journal of Dalian University of Technology, vol 37, 1997, p. 111-114 [4] Gao Shuling, Xu Shilang, "Critical concrete crack length determination using strain gauges", Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), vol 47, 2007, p. 1432-1434 [5] S.R.
"Sutton, Estimation of stress intensity factor by digital image correlation", Engng Fract Mech, vol 28, 1987, p. 101-112 [6] Yang Jing, "Displacement Measurement Based on Speckles White Light Diffraction", Applied Science and Technology, vol 29, 2002, p.49-51
The method has the great requirement of surface features and illumination because of correlation calculation of intensity distribution; Correlation calculation is implemented through transition of subregion and affected by rigid body rotation.
References [1] Wu Lang, Fang Shuiping, Wan Ni, "Experimental research on tensile strength of concrete at early age", Jiangxi Science, vol 25, 2007, p. 175-178 [2] Hu Shisheng, Wang Daorong, Liu Jianfei, "Experimental study of dynamic mechanical behavior of concrete", Engineering Mechanics, vol 18, 2001, p. 115-118 [3] Huang Chengkui, Shang Renjie, Zhao Guofan, "Test method for concrete under dynamic tension", Journal of Dalian University of Technology, vol 37, 1997, p. 111-114 [4] Gao Shuling, Xu Shilang, "Critical concrete crack length determination using strain gauges", Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), vol 47, 2007, p. 1432-1434 [5] S.R.
"Sutton, Estimation of stress intensity factor by digital image correlation", Engng Fract Mech, vol 28, 1987, p. 101-112 [6] Yang Jing, "Displacement Measurement Based on Speckles White Light Diffraction", Applied Science and Technology, vol 29, 2002, p.49-51
Online since: July 2014
Authors: Shi Chong Zhou, Yan Hua Ren, Xiu Feng Liu, Ji Liang Fan, Gang Wu, Jun Li
The effect of limited soil is a significant factor, which directly effect the attribution and magnitude of active soil pressure.
Take the point of earth pressure below the surface as the inflection point, and assuming the lower excavation does not affect the calculation of the horizontal force the upper horizontal support[2].
Physical and mechanical properties of the soil are shown in Table 1.
Take the point of earth pressure below the surface as the inflection point, and assuming the lower excavation does not affect the calculation of the horizontal force the upper horizontal support[2].
Physical and mechanical properties of the soil are shown in Table 1.