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Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1993, 36(3):303-319
Materials Science and Engineering, 2002, 325: 112–125
Materials Science and Engineering A, 2005, 405: 173−177
Materials Science and Engineering A, 1995, 192−193: 780−787
Materials Science and Engineering A, 2009, 500: 114−121.

Introduction Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is a kind of smart materials and applied in engineering field widely.
Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Key Item of the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-Key) through grant no. 10732020 and the Ph.D.
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Ye K. and Komvopoulos, Indentation analysis of elastic-plastic homogeneous and layered media: Criteria for determining the real material hardness, Journal of Tribology, 2003, 125(4), 685-691
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For example, the stiffness of locking plates can be modified by using less rigid materials such as composite polymers [9-11] or metal foams [12, 13].
The plates and screws were modelled as linear elastic material considering Young’s modulus of 220 GPa and 240 GPa for stainless steel and cobalt alloy respectively and Poisson’s ratio of 0.34 for both materials.
Hashmi, "Comparative performance of a flexible fixation implant to a rigid implant in static and repetitive incremental loading," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 169, pp. 476-484, 2005
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The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 113(11) 4623-4633
Journal of the American Chemical Society. 115(18) 8345-8350
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 105(23) 5374-5382
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 694(17) 2661-2670
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 5(10) 871-873

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Materials and Methods Materials and Reagents.
The chromatographic column was a Shim-pack CLC-ODS (M) column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) provided by Shimadzu-GL Sciences (Shanghai) Laboratory Supplies CO.
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These systems have a wide application in materials science, electro analytical chemistry and predator prey population dynamics, etc.
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the Scientific Research Foundation of Zhejiang University of Science and Technology (Grant No.2008050) , the National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China (Grant No.20090451470).
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Due to these characteristics, composites materials have outdone traditional materials in many design applications.
Willenbring, A Software Tool for Mechanics of Composite Materials.
Kattan, Mechanics of Composite Materials with Matllab.
Hoa, Composite Materials Design and Applications.
Kaw, Mechanics of Composite Materials.

Some cost elements that need to be determined to perform LCC analysis [11] are: 1) Initial capital cost including purchase cost, acquisition or finance cost and installation, commissioning or training cost. 2) Life of the asset. 3) Operating and maintenance cost including direct material, direct expenses, indirect labour, indirect materials, establishment cost, direct labour materials, fuel power, equipment and purchased services. 4) Disposal cost including cost of disassembly, demolition, scrapping or selling the asset, adjusted any tax allowance or change upon resale. 5) Information and feedback because LCC is highly dependent on the assumptions and estimates made while collecting data. 6) Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis which usually happen because of the inadequacy of the input data.
Estimator should have detailed knowledge about the product from the process, material used and so on.
Seneviratne, Product cost estimation: Technique classification and methodology review, Journal of Manufacturing Science And Engineering, Transactions of the ASME. 128(2006) 563-575
Emblemsvag, Activity-based life-cycle costing, Managerial Auditing Journal. 16(2001) 17-27
Xie, Framework of a product lifecycle costing system, Journal Of Computing And Information Science In Engineering. 6(2006) 69-77