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Introduction A major challenge for the continued downscaling of integrated circuits is the substantial increase in copper (Cu) resistivity at wire width under 20 nm [1–3], as this is well below the electron mean free path in Cu (40 nm), which means a higher contribution to resistivity from electron scattering off the metal surface and reflections at grain boundaries.
The variation of the mean nanowire width over multiple oxidation-etching cycles demonstrates a steady recess trend, so the desired overall etching depth can be reliably controlled by the number of cycles.
(B) Nanowire width as a function of the number of oxidation-etching cycles.

The grains with the size of about 80-120 nm were agglomerating together.
At the same time, there may be a large number of voids between these nanospheres, and the microcellular structure can facilitate the electron transfer from electrolyte to electrode [24-26].
Similarly, at a higher current density, the specific capacitance decreases due to the limited number of active sites contributed to the electrochemical reaction and also the polarization of the electrode [4, 21].

uncorroded alloy total penetration internal penetration external scale internal corrosion products corroded grain boundaries Figure 1.
uncorroded alloy total penetration internal penetration external scale internal corrosion products corroded grain boundariesDetermination of the total metal penetration is a good assessment of an alloy's suitability for engineering application in a particular set of exposure conditions.
The progressive accumulation of this data over time is illustrated in Fig. 2 in terms of the total number of exposure hours represented by the data.
Most of the penetration occurred by internal oxidation along grain boundaries and internal to the grains.

So a number of cleaner production advanced and applicable technologies should research and use by the use of fiscal funds, then implement a number of cleaner production demonstration projects through establishing a number of typical enterprises in order to improve the level of cleaner production and encourage enterprises to low-carbon economic development.
First, the eco-agricultural model of forest-animal-grain or forest-fruit-economic food should be developed in plain and hilly area.
Combined with the creation work of resource-saving, environment-friendly society and environmental protection model city, a number of low-carbon cities and towns should be constructed through urban low-carbon operations and comprehensive development that of physical and mental health, and natural coordinated and harmonious in Jiangxi.
Combined with the creation work of ecological township and eco-villages, a number of low-carbon countries should be constructed in low-carbon through reducing dependence of fossil fuels and use of clean energy.
Second, residents in their daily lives should get rid of the so-called decent standard living with a lot of energy consumption and a large number of greenhouse gas emissions.

Mechanical vibration shows the remarkable effect on dendrite fragmentation, grain refinement, flow of metal, shrinkage cavity improvement, porosity and casting performance, which have been proven in the studies of F.Taghavi, H.Saghafian, Zhao Jianhua, Jiang Fan, etc[6-12].
Once the fluid is convergent or the maximum number of iterations is reached, the EDEM will run automatically.
For a certain period of time, the number of filling particles n in the complex cavity or difficult filling position is investigated to obtain the influence of different vibration parameters.
The number of particles n in the region is investigated in order to obtain the optimum scheme of the maximum number of particles.
The Orthogonal test is used to see the influence of the number of filling particles in the inspection area upon sensitive degree of DOF, frequency and amplitude.

While plasma spraying, a number of parameters needs to be given special attention.
The L9 Orthogonal Array (OA) is selected according to the number of control factors and their different levels.
The polishing steps included rough polishing followed by emery paper polishing having grit number 220, 320, 400, 600, 800 and 1000.
The experiment number 3 with 70V, 2.8 psi cooling jet pressure and 2.5” spraying distance showed the maximum grey grade, 0.89.
Processing adhesion and electrical properties of silicon steel having non-oriented grains coated with silica and alumina sol–gel.

Applying different parameters ablative laser micromachining (power density, repetition rate, number of pulses in the same area, the overlap area microchannels), a very interesting stereometry of the surface layer steel 41Cr4 and bearing alloy was obtained.
However, alloying elements for improving mechanical properties and refining the shafts material are being added mainly due to the more uniform and fine-grained microstructure after heat treatment.

Germination capability of pollen grains was determined by culturing them on medium including boric acid (0，5，10mg/L) and sucrose (50，100，150，200g/L) and BK medium [12].
Hickory pollen grain is small with diameter at 28.4 μm, 3 colporates and smooth surface.
When seed number in single fruit has not obvious difference, differences of fruit endogenous hormone level reflect seed genetic basis difference indirectly.
[11] S.Atefs, “Vigour of wheat pollen grains, ”pp.37-40,1982

It is used in the manufacture of a number of useful alloys such as (Cu-Al), brass and bronze and in sea water applications due to its high resistance to corrosion [6,7].
The Materials The base materials used in the present article are copper (Cu) metal with a grain size (325 mish) and of Indian origin from the manufacture of (CDH) company with a purity of 99.5%, and also a fixed percentage of silicon carbide (SiC) with a grain size (500 mish), originally from Fluka company with 99.5% purity.
As for the support material, (ZrO2, grain size 30 ± 5 nm), German origin from (Changasha Santech Co.), with 99.94% purity was used. 2.

The rate of material removal also increases as more number of spark strikes on the surface causes more amounts of melting and vapourization of metal from the workpiece surface.The MRR and surface roughness mainly depend on the concentration of the the powder, electrical conductivity of the powder and applied voltage.
Singh et al. [3] have attemted an experiment with aluminium micro-powder on hastelloy steel where the effects of concentration of powder and grain size are investigated on MRR and tool wear rate.
The result from main effect plot shows that the MRR and tool wear rate increase first with increase of powder concentration and grain size first but decreases then.
From the result it is seen that the grain size becomes smaller in Al additive based machining which causes more strength and hardness of the surface.