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The particles split as a result of the internal strain created by high pressure applied to the grains during the milling process and forms smooth layers.
First order Raman spectra of bare and ball-milled graphite-tin composite recorded in the characteristic wave number region ranging between 1200 and 1800 cm-1 are shown in Fig. 2b.
The increased intensity of D-bands confirmed the large number of defects created due to ball-milling.
The irreversible capacity is also due to the presence of a large number of vacancy and microcavities formed by the milling, which trap the lithium ions permanently.
The large volume expansion induces cracking which causes isolation of tin particles, leading to impedance and hence reduce the capacity with number of charge/discharge cycles.

The number of launches of FEM procedures depends on the type of studied characteristics of CM under research, applied mathematical models, etc., which together significantly complicates the creation of universal software implementation of MH.
Let define the space of multicomponent heterogeneous structures (MHS) with a given number of components and a given number of parameters of each component over the field as the Cartesian product of spaces itself N times:.
The procedure of single-scale homogenization method in general case can be written as follows (single-scale direct homogenization): , (4) where is an operator of single-scale direct homogenization, N is the number of components of composite under consideration, is a geometry of a representative volume element (RVE) characterizing CM reinforcement microstructure.
In order to simplify the creation of graph models and handling the data, a number of software tools and data structures were developed using C++ and then united into software framework comsdk.
Integrated approach for geometric modeling and interactive visual analysis of grain structures.

The key of quantitative evaluation method was establishing assessment system of quantitative or semi quantitative indicator, which played an important role in the method. 4.2 Construction of evaluation indicator system 4.2.1 Indicators’ selection On the basis of drawing on a number of studies, combined with the fact in the north mountain of Hebei Province, evaluation index system has been established, including environmental resources, economic development, economic substitute ability, regional contact, and social development level. 4.2.2 Weight values of evaluation indicator system Weight values of influencing factors was determined by the use of Delphi method.
Tab1 Evaluation indicators’ system of ecological environmental frangibility Indicator group and its weights Indicator and its weights Indicator significance Indicator property Resource and environmental factors (0.479) Index of farmland (0.111) agricultural acreage / total population negative Index of moisture (0.025) effective irrigated area / agricultural acreage negative Disaster rate (0.040) Damage Area / disaster area positive Land productivity (0.088) grain yield Per unit area negative percentage of forest cover (0.284) Forest area/total area negative Economic Development factors (0.234) Per capita GDP (0.136) GDP/total population negative Agricultural modernization level (0.026) Number of farm machinery negative rural per capita net income (0.072) rural per capita net income negative Economic substitute ability factors (0.148) Degree of dependent on agriculture(0.094) Agriculture production value / total output value positive Index of agricultural potential (0.016) commercial crop
area/farmland area negative Index of diversfication of economy (0.038) Output value of tertiary-industry /total output value negative Regional contact factors (0.046) Road network density (0.035) Mileage per unit area positive gross mail service (0.011) gross mail service negative Social development level Factors (0.093) Community knowledge level (0.062) number of students in primary and secondary schools /total population negative Number of Medical personnel in a thousand (0.031) Number of Medical personnel in a thousand negative 4.3 Calculation of the ecological environmental Use the following formula to calculate the frangibility in every County (city, district) G=1-/ (max+min) Pi was the initial value for each indicator, Wi was the weight of each indicator.

The level of national degree of urbanization does not necessarily show the level of the country's life.Zhou Ganzhi who is the Chairman of the Urban Planning Society pointed out that the highest urbanization rate place is not in gaozhou or shanghai,but in neimenggu area.The urbanization rate is 87.5%,a large number of the population live in the town.Thereby the urbanization rate were increased.However, the reason for the migration of the population is land desertification,so they had to live in the town.
Although a large number of the population live in the city, but they are living in urban slums.They do not have the suitable job,The city in a variety of treatment has nothing to do with them.Although into the city,they can not access to high quality of life,then what significance does it have?
In order to save this situation, the state had to take a mandatory population migration.Pepple have to move out of the city Passively.Under the manipulation of the rapid urbanization of this country ,the farming population is greatly reduced and farmers' enthusiasm in production reduced.The result is a substantial reduction in grain yield.The country had emergency food imported from abroad due to the severe shortage of food in 1961.
For example,the number whom move into rural areas are more than whom move into urban areas in England,it is about more than 35 million.
As we all know ,after the nation relieved agricultural taxes, the number of farmers who are working in the city decreased all the time.

Through accumulating the grouping sediment concentration, we can get the formula of longitudinal variation of total sediment concentration: (2) Where, S is the total sediment concentration at outlet section (kg/m3); and n is the number of group of sediment.
Symbolizing the segment number with letter “k”, we can get the sedimentation rate of grouping sediment at a certain basin segment in a calculation interval
(9) (10) (11) Where Sa is the discrimination number of settling velocity; j is the discrimination number of particle diameter; w is the settling velocity of sediment (cm/s); D is the particle diameter of sediment (mm); rs is the density of sediment (g/cm3); rw is the density of clear water (g/cm3); g is acceleration of gravity (cm/s2); and is kinematic viscosity coefficient of water (cm2/s).
Acaroglu, Settling Velocities of Natural Grains, Bulletin of the International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 4 (1966)
Goldstein, The Steady Flow of Viscous Fluid Past a Fixed Spherical Obstacle at Small Reynolds Number, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 123 (1929

At room temperature, however, the number of candidate materials for multifunctional applications is very limited, because most of the currently known materials exhibit a low magnetic-transition temperature (< 273 K) in contrast to a high ferroelectric transition temperature (TC > 350 K)[6-9].
Fig. 1 (a) XRD spectrum of BLFO/LSMO/STO films, (b) Typical AFM image of BLFO/LSMO/STO (001) films with a square area 5×5 µm2, indicating smooth surface and square-like grains.
Besides, from the result comparing Fig.2(a) (c) with Fig.2(b) (d), one can see that, for one hand, whether applying successive positive or negative pulse voltage, the resistance always increase with pulse numbers.
Isc is always negative and it increases with the number of negative pulses, from the initial ~-3 nA to -15 nA after 1000 pulses.
In the other situation, i.e., oxygen vacancies accumulation at Ag/BLFO interface after consistent negative pulses applied, it can be concluded that Isc is always positive and it increases with negative consistent pulse numbers, from the initial ~+5 nA to +17 nA after 1000 pulses, however, δIsc is negative, independent of the polarization states, as shown in Fig. 3(b).

But large upfront investment, according to the estimates of the number of research institutions in the United States, under the same conditions as the scale of production, the investment of cellulose fuel ethanol more than corn fuel ethanol 7-8 times.
Since the mid-1970s oil crisis, a number of countries, mainly the United States and Brazil launched fuel ethanol development plans, but the plan large-scale rapid expansion began in 2001.
U.S.Department of Energy is expected to cellulose fuel ethanol may in around 2012, made ​​an important breakthrough, the number of research institutions in Europe around 2015-2020, in addition to a number of research institutions that the cellulosic fuel ethanol in 2025 to enter the scale of production and market application stage.
Biodiesel substantially no sulfur and aromatics, cetane number, up to 52.9, up to 98% biodegradable, the degradation rate is 2 times that of ordinary diesel, less contamination of soil and water, 90% of the air toxicity can be reduced, reduced carcinogenic rate of 94%, is very friendly to the environment.
In the"Eighth Five-Year Plan"period, China started the research and development of bio-fuel resources and conversion technology, this is limited to grain and oilseed production of alcohols and oil products, food and light industry using conventional techniques; preparation as a transportation fuel energy industry construction began in the"Ninth Five-Year Plan"period, China's energy to carry out the crops research and development projects are now achieving some success[2], According to the latest statistics, as of the end of 2010, China has a production capacity of biodiesel production enterprises more than 50 production capacity of 1.97 million t/a, especially in the "12th Five-Year Plan", circular economy and biomass energy as countries emerging industries development goals, will lead the development of bio-diesel.

In (1) fr(g, t) - DF, g is cluster's size (measured in number of particles with unit mass, m, and molar volume, l), Dg(g, t)- the non-linear diffusion functional-coefficient in {G}, functional-coefficient ),( rg   is the Gibbs free energy of cluster formation, ),),(( trgfgM  is the cluster's mass( which depends on fr(g,t) from (1)).  is friction model coefficient.
It is connected to the difference in the chemical potential of phases, and the second part, c =cg is the Gibbs energy referred to the bond strength or the elastic force of lattice reaction for blistering, the energy of boundaries interaction depends on the tensions on interfaces between different phases, which is accounted by st =bg 2/3, r considers the bubble location into the lattice, break concerns the release of part of the connections in the lattice for blisters, break = Nbbreak, where Nb is the number of broken bonds, break is the energy required for breaking a single lattice bond. ),(     aa where )(    is the chemical potential of phase the nucleuses formation minimums the chemical potential of the phase nucleating,  is form factor, atV3/2  , Vat is volume of interstitial atom, ),3/11( 3/1 0   gbb where blatV b  3/23/1 0 )36( and bl is surface tension on surface bubble- substrate lattice.
r is simulation parameter, if bubble locates on a dislocation (or on interfaces of both: grains as well solid surface), than r decreases in same times.
The helium flux is examined with following parameters: He ions energy is 10 keV, the irradiation dose - 1017 ions/cm 2, total time duration is 10-4 s, substrate material is Ni, used number of trajectories is 106.
The porosity is calculated by                        dggfg j V i t j z i gf i gVtzpor j ) 0 ( 0 3 0 /),,(3),( , where blister with number i belongs to j-layer, V is volume of all sample, Vj is volume of layer with number j, gi is size of blister at examined time moment, g0 is size of blister at initial time, f(g,z,t) is DF at examined time, f0(g0) is DF at initial time, z is distance between surface and centre mass of blister, the depth z is measured in ML (~3.5 Å), z = 0 is surface under irradiation.

Tyler[2]et al established a analysis model of soil three-dimensions grain on base of Mandelbrot model, broadening the application of fractal theory in geometrical studying; when as many scholars explored the correlation between fractal dimension and deformation characteristic and evolutionary phase of landslide, proceeding from fractal feature of different elements of landslide.
The former points i-1, i are points 2i-2, 2i, and the number of the additional points is 2i-1.
The slip mass is consist of silty clay with gravel, part of the slip mass is gravel mixed with slity clay, the grave in the upside and middle is mainly made up of aubergine mudstone and mixed with a few marlite, the underneath grave is marlite and limestone, the diameter of block is 5cm to 80cm, the content of breccia is high, large numbers of quartz sandstone solitary stones are visible in the aft part of landslide, most of the gravels is medium weathering; substance composition of the slip band is mainly of silty clay with gravels, most of them are sallow, part of them are aubergine, the thickness is 30cm to 250cm, the depth of burial is 40cm to 75cm.
Though analyzing the landslide monitoring data and scene investigation, the major influencing factors of the landslide were reservoir water and rainfall, taking the motion path curve (Fig.5, ZGI monitoring pier had destroyed because of ground cracking) of landslide in one hydrological year as the object of study and calculating the fractal dimension by using Matlab program, the calculation result could be got (Tab.1). 1.GPS monitoring pier and its number; 2.monitoring hole of landslide thrust; 3.section line and its number;4.landslide perimeter; 5~8.The second to fifth section of Triassic Badong Formation; 9.accumulation horizon of quaternary system Fig.4 The plane and monitoring distribution of the landslide Fig.5 The trajectory curves of the surface GPS monitoring points from March 2007 to November 2009 Tab.1 The fraction dimensions of each monitoring point Numbers of monitoring points　 2007 2008 2009 ZG2 1.1465 1.2370 1.1621 ZG3 1.1147 1.1219 1.0854 ZG4 1.1256 1.2158

When the content of beads is 30%, the number of gel pores with radius smaller than 1.6nm increases, and harmful pore with radius larger than 50nm reduces observably.
When beads are added into the system, because of the micro-aggregate effect of beads, the grain composition of cement paste is improved, the porosity of hardened cement is greatly reduced, and the compactness of cementitious systems is improved.
When the content of beads is 30%, the porosity of hardened cement is greatly reduced, the number of macroporous pore is significantly reduced and the size of macroporous pore is refined, the number of small pore and micropore is greatly increased.
As seen in Fig. 6 (c), when the content of beads is 30%, the amount of unhydrated beads decreases, a mass of beads particles have hydrated, which can generate large number of fibrous and reticular CSH gel.
The higher the dense packing density, the denser the pore structure of composite cementing materials. 3) The pore structure analysis shows that the micro-aggregate effect and active effect of beads can effectively fill the pores between large-size particles such as cement, reduce the macroporous number and refined the macroporous pore size, decrease the porosity and improve the pore structure of cement paste which can make the cementing material denser. 4) When the content of beads is in range of 0~40%, compared with ordinary cement paste, the 3d and 7d compressive strength of composite cement paste decrease with the increased beads contents.