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These diverse applications rely on the piezoelectric, pyroelectic and ferroelectric properties of the PZT material.
Generally, properties are improved as the film thickness is increased.
The phase composition of films has strong influence on their piezo and ferroelectric properties.
This phase was reported to degrade electrical properties significantly [6].
This knowledge can shed light on the ferroelectric/piezoelectric properties thickness dependence.

Main physical and chemical properties of binders Specific mass [kg/m3] Specific surface [cm2/g] Chemical composition [%] CaO Al2O3 SiO2 Fe2O3 SO3 TiO2 MgO Others L.O.I.
PC-CSA mixture shows the most severe damage, so much so as to make it impossible to measure the specific mass and the mechanical strength already after 14 days of storage at 4°C.
Taylor, A summary of factors affecting concrete salt-scaling performance, ACI Mater.
Ubertini, Self-Sensing Properties of Green Alkali-Activated Binders with Carbon-Based Nanoinclusions, Sustainability. 12 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239916
Pastore, Influence of Lithium Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate on Physical and Elastic Properties and on Carbonation Resistance of Calcium Sulphoaluminate-Based Mortars, Appl.

TiO2 is a semiconductor that possesses superior chemical and physical properties, widely used in various fields.
In sonochemical synthesis, it is necessary to analyze several factors so that the particles formed are uniform with a narrow size distribution.
Kovač, Photocatalytic properties of TiO2 and TiO2/Pt: A sol-precipitation, sonochemical and hydrothermal approach, Ultrason.
Manaf, Enhanced dielectric properties of Nanocrystalline Ba(1-x)SrxTiO3(x=0 and 0.3) ceramics, in: IOP Conf.
Esquivel, Self-cleaning of SiO2-TiO2 coating: Effect of sonochemical synthetic parameters on the morphological, mechanical, and photocatalytic properties of the films, Ultrason.

Material Model and Simulation Setup Material Property and Hardening Model.
The mechanical properties of two sheet materials are shown in Table 1 and the uniaxial tensile curves tested by MTS machine are illustrated in Fig.1.
Strain rate is taken into account in this paper by using the Cowper-Symonds model [3] which scales the yield stress by the strain rate dependent factor which is easily combined into the Finite Element analysis
In the sheet metal forming process, due to the elasto-plastic material property, it is critical to choose a suitable yield criterion to describe the boundary from the elastic state to plastic state.
The strain evolution has not been affected remarkably when the punch speed limits within the normal range (5mm/s~50mm/s).

We only examined the above military entity relationship system constituted ignored the influence of other factors that may exist for the entire system problems.
In the simulation, we get simulation results shown in Fig. 3, the described trend between the variables of these three factors, the blue fighters dispatched scale (BFT), blue air defense systems dispatched scale (BMT) and the sea battlefield command of the air control effect.
In the simulation, we get simulation results shown in Fig. 4, the described trend between the variables of these four factors, the red fighters dispatched scale (RFT), the blue fighters destroyed red fighters probability (BFFC), the blue air defense system destroyed red fighters probability (BMFC) and the sea battlefield command of the air control effect.
Later in the simulation, sea battlefield command of the air control effect and red fighters dispatched scale two factors is an inverse relationship.
Dynamics and bifurcations of non-smooth mechanical systems [M], Berlin：Springer, 2004

Biodiesel B10 – An Alternative Fuel for Diesel Pick-up Trucks Tongchit Suthisripok1,a and Teerasak Ruechakiatdtikun2,b 1and 2Automotive Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Rangsit University, Thailand atongchit.s@rsu.ac.th bR.teerasak@hotmail.co.th Keywords: biodiesel, B10, alternative fuel, diesel pick-up truck, fuel nozzle injector Abstract.
Though biodiesel has similar properties to diesel and is environmental friendly fuel, diesel fuel whose price is heavily subsidized becomes more attractive.
The two most important factors which play a primary role in the diesel combustion process are the inducted charge air and the injected fuel’s atomization meaning spray penetration, temperature, and chemical characteristics.
It is therefore to realize that the combustion system of the diesel engine includes any part, component, or system that may affect the final outcome of the combustion process.
Since the fuel nozzle injector was an important factor for providing fine and evenly fuel spray into the cylinder; at the same fuel pump pressure 180 kgf/cm2, the 5-hole nozzle was used in place of the original 4-hole one so to ease the injection pressure drop of more viscous fuel, biodiesel B10.

In addition to the variables shown in the diagram, the function of the sealing system is also dependent on temperature, the sealing materials, the respective media to be sealed, the operating mode, the shaft dia- Figure 3: Exemplary p-v-threshold diagram diameter, geometry and surface properties of the mating surface as well as the housing groove [3, 6].
Adding a safety factor, the motor was dimensioned provisional to 55 kW.
Above and beyond, three grooves for the rotor seals, which will affect the stability of the structure, are geometrical part of the pressure chamber (compare with Fig. 5).
Moreover, the surface properties of the ring can be modified individually by several surface finishing processes for the research.
For the material selection the safety factor SF is set to 2, giving required minimum yield strength of 266 N/mm² at an elevated temperature of 120 °C.

Due to the mechanical motion, these lenses have some problems in response time, cost and stability.
Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop an adaptive lens without mechanical moving parts.
Under such circumstance, surface tension is key factor to affect the liquid droplet compared with other forces.
When applied voltage is zero, according to the material’s property, shape of liquid interface is horizontal.
Lett, 2004, 85 (7): 1128 [11] Shen Jinxia, Peng Runling, Chen Jiabi, “Analysis on properties of the double- liquid zoom lens based on electrowetting,” OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS, 2007.8, Vol. 29.

The mechanical properties of these materials are: σ0.2=265MPa, σb=566MPa, for 0Cr18Ni9Ti (Chinese specification); σ0.2=297MPa, σb=610MPa, for 304SS; σ0.2=400MPa, σb=505MPa, for branch pipe and σ0.2=385MPa, σb=502MPa, for flank of C-Mn steel.
For the tested defect-free tees, the experimental results show that radius of crotch corner will significantly affect on the value of limit load.
It is also worth noting that the reduction of limit load is affected by the length and depth of the crack.
From the viewpoint of the effective loaded area and finite element (FE) analysis results, Xuan [10] developed an approximate solution for plastic limit pressure of equal diameter forged piping junctions DT P /2 m p ofL ϕσ= (3) where σ f is the flow stress and can be calculated by σ f =(σ0.2+σ b)/2; Tm is the average thickness of transition between run and branch pipe; poϕ is the weakening factor of equal diameter tee under internal pressure and can be expressed by m m m 2m 2 m m 2 m m p o 22)(535.0 429.05.025.0)(215.0 215.02393.0 T D D T D T D T D rT D T D r D r D T D T −+ − +++ −+ =ϕ (4) The calculated limit loads for the tested tees, from the above three solutions, are given in Table 1.
For the case of crack at flank area, the solution is 5.0 m 2 m m p o m f c L ))/(1.21/()/(1 /1 2 DTc Ta Ta D T P + − − = ϕσ (7) while for crack at the crotch corner, we have 2/1 m 2 2 m 2 m p o mfc L ))/(1.21/()/(1 )/(1 2 DTc Ta Ta D T P + − − = ϕ σ (8) where poϕ is the weakening factor and can be calculated from Eq. (4).

The stress and the bond capacity become vital factors in the effectiveness of the CFRP strengthening technique.
Pull-off test has been used for measuring the adhesion properties and failure mode as illustrated in Fig. 1a).
Threshold level is affected to the duration of the acoustic emission signal.
Pollock [16] enhanced that, long duration and less duration (less than 10 microseconds) signals are generally generated due to mechanical noise sources and electrical pulses.
The unequal loading might occurred during pulling process which affect the results.